/ 



■/ »<-. 



THE DAY-STAR. 



THE 

DAY-STAR 

OP 

AMERICAN FREEDOM; 

OR 

THE BIRTH AND EARLY GROWTH 

OF - 

TOLERATION, 

IN 

t 

THE PROVmCE OF MARYLAND: 



A SKETCH OF THK COLONIZATION UPON THE CHESAPKAKB AND ITS TRIBUTABH8, 
PKECEDING THE REMOVAL OP THE GOVERNMENT FROM ST. MARY'S TO ANNAPOLIS J 



A Glimpse of Vie Numbers and General State of Societi/, of the Religion 

and Legislation, of the Life arid Planners of the Men, who Worshipped 

in the Wilderness, at the First llude Altar of Liberty. 

BY GEORGE LYM-LACHLAN JDAYIS, 

OP THE BAR OF BALTIMORE. 



NEW YORK : 
0. SOKIBNER, 145, NASSAU STREET. 

BALTIMORE : 

JOHN MURPHY tt Co., 178 MARKET STREET. 

1855. 



Entered according to Act of Congrew, In the year 1MB, by 

GEO. LYNN-LACHLAN DAVIS, 

la tbe Cl«rk'» Office of the U. S. District Court, for the District of UarylwC 



f \ %A 



'S>^^ 



W. H. TISBON, STEBKOTYFBa. 



fiSO. BUSSELL « CO., PBINTXSa. 



DEDICATED 



TO 



THE STAT E 



6 narrju - Porphyey 

c c . . T^ roi^ tteon 'i'Cfray^ —St. Padi- 



PREFACE 



The papers, I will cite, are, most of them, taken from 
the Archives, at Annapolis, and at London. Those at 
the Capital of my State, may be seen in the Executive 
Chamber, in the Armory, in the Hall of the Court of 
Appeals, in the Land Office, or in the Office of the 
Register of Wills. And the documents transmitted to 
me, were obtained, through the aid of an Index, from the 
EngHsh State-Paper Office. 

For the sake of brevity, I will generally omit the 
depository. The two Records designated by A. B. 
<k H., and by Q., can be consulted, in the Land 
Office. Where the " Xo." of the Liber is simply given, 
the citation has been made from the same office. The 
*'Laws," and "Judgments" belong to the Court of 
Appeals ; and are kept, either in the Hall, or in the 
Armory. In all other cases, the nature of the subject 
will indicate the place, from which the paper is taken. 

The Index, which has aided me, in sketching the Revo- 



via PREFACE. 

lution of 1689, was presented to our Historical Society. 
It is the gift of my generous countryman, Mr. Peabody, 
of London ; and the key to a rich store-house of docu- 
ments and facts, preserved at the great city, from which 
so many of our forefathers came. 

To Mr. Jas. Frisby Gordon, and Doct. Fisher, of 
Kent ; to Mr. Benj. Ed. Gantt, of Anne-Arundel ; to 
Messrs. Palmer, and Harrison, of Queen Anne's ; to 
Messrs. Hopkins, and Donoven, of Talbot ; to Mr. 
Wm. A. Jarboe, of Prince George's ; to Col. Wm. 
A. Spencer, and the Hon. Jas. Murray, of Annapolis ; I 
beg leave to express my thanks, for their polite atten- 
tion, during my examination of the Archives, in the 
offices, they respectively occupy. To most of them, am I 
further indebted for communications addressed me, as 
marks of their courtesy, in reply to a great variety of 
inquiries. And my acknowledgments are due to the 
memory, also, of Owen Norfolk, the late clerk at Upper- 
Marlborough. 

I am under an additional obligation to the librarians, 
and other officers, in various parts of this State, for the 
privilege extended me, as an author, of consulting any of 
the books in their custody. Nor can I fail to confess my 
sense of gratitude, for the interest so generously mani- 
fested in the success of all my researches, by many other 
gentlemen of Maryland, especially by the members of the 
Bar, and of the Bench, not only in the communication of 
important facts and suggestions, but also in the loan of 
valuable private manuscripts. I may here venture to 



PREFACE. IX 

individualize the Hon. John Carroll Le Grand, Saml. 
Tyler, Esq., Prof. Evert M. Topping, Wm. Meade Addi- 
son, Esq., Prof. Saml. Chew, Hon. E. Louis Lowe, Doct. 
Peregrine Wroth, Rev. Saml. R. Gordon, Jas. E. Barroll, 
Esq., Prof. George Eenwick, and Genl. Thos. E. Bowie. 

And there are a few personal friends not named in this 
Preface, nor confined altogether to my own sex, whose 
companionship has occasionally lightened my labor ; 
whose bright sympathies have shed a sun-shine over the 
heart, in the hour of toilsome solitude ; whose aid, and 
whose many kind offices, will be sweetly, and sincerely 
remembered. 



1* 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Toleration— Its Logical Relations—Its History cannot yet 

be Properly Written, . . . . P . .15 

CHAPTER II. 

The Visible Influence of Ideas^The Charm of External 
History — Illustrations from Islamism, from Christianity, 
and from Toleration, 19 

CHAPTER III. 
The Toleration Secured by the Charter for Maryland, . . 20 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Toleration under the First Governor, .... St 

CHAPTER V. 
The Toleration Implied by the Official Oath, ... 39 

CHAPTER VI. 

The Assembly of 1649 — Kent, and St. Mary's Represented — . 
Sketch of their Early History — Passage of the Tolera- 
tion Act, . .41 



Xli CONTENTS. 

PA«B 

CHAPTER VII. 
" The Act Concerning Religon," • . 64 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Its Influence upon the Colonization of the Province — 
Arrival of Families — Foundation of Settlements — Erec- 
tion of Counties — Protestant Revolution, in 1689, . 68 

CHAPTER IX. 
State of Societj, from 1634 to 1689, 108 

CHAPTER X. 

The Luw-Givers of 1649— Their Names — A Fragment of the 

Legislative Journal, . 128 

CHAPTER XI. 
Their Faith— They Sit in One House, 136 

CHAPTER XII. 

The Whole Strength of the Roman Catholic Element, in the 

Assembly, 138 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Burgesses, as a Distinct Branch of the Legislature — 

A Majority of Roman Catholic Representatives, . . 140 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Population of the Province, in 1649 — Predominance of the 
Roman Catholic Element, at the Period of the Assembly 
— The Honor Due to the Roman Catholic Freemen of 
Marvland, 142 



CONTENTS XUl 



CHAPTER XV. 



Cecelius, the Lord Proprietary— His Life, Character, and 

Family, 162 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Governor Leonard Calvert, 171 

CHAPTER XVII. 
Governor William Stone, 175 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Governor Thomas Green, . 181 

CHAPTER XIX.' 
Col. John Price, 183 

CHAPTER XX. 
The Honorable John Pile, 186 

CHAPTER XXI. 
Capt. Robert Vaughan, 190 

CHAPTER XXII. 
The Honorable Robert Clarke, 195 

CHAPTER XXIII. 
The Honorable Thomas Hatton, 200 

CHAPTER XXIV. 
Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick, 207 

CHAPTER XXV. 
Mr. Philip Conner, 220 



XIV CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 
Mr. William Bretton, 224 

CHAPTER XXVII. 
Mr. Richard Browne, ....... 229 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 
Mr. George Manners, 231 

CHAPTER XXIX. 
Capt. Richard Banks, . . .233 

CHAPTER XXX. 
Mr. John Maunsell, 237 

CHAPTER XXXI. 
Mr. Thomas Thornborough, .... . . 242 

CHAPTER XXXII. 
Mr. Walter Peake, 247 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 
Conclusion, 254 

APPENDIX. 

No. I. — Emigrants from England, .... 261 

*• II. — Settlement upon the Bohemia, . . . 269 

" HI. — Faith of the Jurors, in the case of the Plsca- 

tawav Indians, ... . . 270 



THE DAY-STAE. 



CHAP TEE I. 

Toleration — Its Logical Relations — Its History cannot yet bo 
properly written. 

The marcli of tlie mind is slow. Of Islamism, 
the faitli for twelve centuries of a fifth part of the 
whole human race, no real history, it is sad to 
think, has ever been written ; and the most pro- 
found men of Europe confess their ignorance of 
the subject. It also admits of the gravest doubt, 
whether we yet have, in the truest and most com- 
prehensive sense, a history of Christianity. And 
ii: ia vain to hope, in the present state of know- 
ledge, for a satisfactory history of Toleration. 



IG THE DAY-STAR. 

Notwithstanding a regard for tlie rights of con- 
science, the haws of our own nation have always 
evinced a greater sympathy for the Christian than 
for any other form of belief; while no government 
has existed without some kind of religious theory ; 
nor has any state, in modern times, at periods even 
of the wildest anarchy, gone far enough to deny 
its own ethical nature, or reject that element which 
constitutes the ground-work and condition of its 
being. 

The Church of no Christian country, on the 
other hand, is prepared, either upon the Protestant, 
or upon any other basis, to acknowledge the 
supremacy of the State, or surrender^ the jurisdic- 
tion it exercises over questions of faith and ethics 
— questions, wliich touch the very heart of 
humanity, and connect us with the invisible world ; 
but work, at the same time, such deep changes in 
states and empires — ^having occasioned more 

^ The English Church may be oppressed, or enslaved. But it is 
a great mistake to suppose she has ever acknowledged the supre- 
macy of the Civil Magistrate. See Magna Charta, the Works of 
Lord Coke, and the late Writings of the Rt. Rev. Doct. Philpott, 
of the StJe of Exeter. 



ANTAGONISM. 17 

bloodshed, since the martyrdom of St. Stephen (to 
say nothing of the church controversy, which now, 
alas ! involves the European nations in a fresh 
conflict) than any of the subjects, which ever 
engage the attention either of kings or of courts, 
of cabinets or of parliaments. 

The antagonism between the State and the 
Church, under the existing order of things, may 
not, indeed, be observed by the ordinary eye. It 
may apparently sleep, for a season, or for a cen- 
tury. But it is not the less real ; and not the less 
destined, sooner or later, to unfold itself, in all its 
terrific energy. The advocates of Toleration will 
then be ready to proclaim, that atheism is the 
proper fundamental principle of the State ; and its 
opponents, that faith is the foundation of ethics, 
that the notion of a perfect state implies a church 
of the same character, that the one is but identical 
■with the other, and that under a more beneficent 
arrangement of Providence, a higher law of 
society, and a nobler system of civilization, the 
identity will be fully and triumphantly revealed. 
Before the termination of this contest (probably 
the most momentous, if not the most bloody, which 



18 THE DAT-STAR. 

man will be called upon to endure), it ^vill be 
impossible to find the central-point involved in tlie 
great problem of Toleration ; or to grasp it. in all 
its liigbest logico-historical relations. 



IfiLAMISM* 19 



CHAPTER 11, 

The Visible Influence of Ideas^TTie Charm of External History— 
niustratioas from Islamism, from Christianity, and from Tolera- 
tion 

Yet Islamism lias undoubtedly a meaning. Of 
its external history, do we also know something. 
Amid the fiery sands and deserts of Arabia, a 
thought strikes the mind of a man. To him, it is a 
vision ; to us, a small cloud upon the horizon, des- 
tined to overspread the firmament. In the one, we 
see the image, and the hand of God ; in the other, 
are locked up the living forces of nature. Out of 
the brain of a wild, but earnest son of the wilder- 
ness, springs forth, with the rapidity of magic, a 
vast and magnificent empire ; having its strong and 
impregnable centre in the East, but extending its 
dominion to the very confines of the West ; clad, 
indeed, with all the terrors of the sword, but deriv- 
ing its original strength from the simple words, he 



20 THE DAY-STAE. 

had uttered ; tlie grandest and boldest embodiment, 
(however imperfect,) we have so far witnessed, of 
the identity (if I may tread upon forbidden ground') 
of the temporal with the spiritual authority ; at one 
moment, threatening to absorb the Christian nations 
of Europe; at another communicating to their civil- 
ization that impulse, which will be felt through all 
ages ! a rich, and gorgeous picture ! perplexing, it 
is true, the judgment of the historical critic; but 
dazzling the imagination, elevating the fancy, and 
(may I add?) purifying the heart. 

In spite, also, of the little that is known of the 
higher relations, or the logical harmonies of eccle- 
siastical history, there is something which touches 
a still deeper spring in the simple and short story 
of the Cross — of the visible struggle of Christianity, 
during the first three centuries, with the Paganism 
of a great empire — of the mild and serene triumph 
of the church, at the end of that period, amid the 
shocks and convulsions of society, over all the phy- 

^If Newman and Ranke touch this subject with eo much 
caution, an unwillingness in myself to go beyond a mere sugges- 
tion, indicates no affectation of modesty. 



CHRISTIANITT. 21 

sical, intellectual, and other powers of the civilized 
world. From the Crusades to the present, from 
childhood to hoary age, o\'^: the dream of the vir- 
gin, and the meditation of the matron, over men of 
every taste and of every type, it has exerted a 
magical influence. This moment, I study it, with 
a more passionate fondness, than " The Arabian 
ISi'ights,*' or the most truthful and enchanting pic- 
ture, the hand of man has sketched, either of do- 
mestic manners, or of Oriental magnificence and 
renown. There is nothing approaching it, upon the 
pages of the historical record — nothing, in the glory 
of Grecian combatants, or the march of Roman 
legions — in living, or in dying gladiators ; or victo- 
rious generals, whose returning " chariot- wheels " 
were " graced " by kings " in captive bonds." 

The Crescent and the Cross have, each of them, a 
charm. They represent the two great historical 
Ideas ; they mark the two grand epochs in the 
destiny of the human race. As the fallen column, 
amid the ruins of the Acropolis, retains the traces 
of a high creative art, so man, with all his gross- 
ness, still proclaims the divinity of his original 
nature, by the interest he manifests in the contest 



22 THE DAY-STAR. 

of the intellectual with the physical forces ; by the 
sympathy he feels for the spiritual world ; by the 
sacrifice he so joyfully suffers, for the sake of his 
conscience ; hj the pride he exhibits at the 
triumph of a cherished faith ; and by the pleasure 
he derives from the study of those ideas, which 
have wielded their influence over any considerable 
portion of society. His ideality/ is the secret of 
that true historic dignity, which belongs to the 
colonization of America. Scarcely a settlement,, 
or a colony was founded, which cannot, more or 
less, be traced to the agency of some religious 
idea. And the remark includes the landing of 
the Pilgrims, at St. Mary's, in the year 1634. 
It forms the key to the earliest history of the 
province — the pivot to the' primitive policy and 
legislation of the State — and the centre of so much 
that is interesting in the traditions and recollec- 
tions, which have been handed down to our own 
generation. The idea, which our ancestors brought 
with them to the forests of Maryland, was appa- 
rently feeble, in the beginning. But it soon began 
to show its strength ; and like all ideas having 
vitality, it was progressive. The acorn has since 



IDEALITT. 23 

become an oak ; the fountain a majestic river. 
Though it seems to be but half developed (for 
Toleration is yet without a strict definition, or a 
symbol), it has already, under a variety of shapes, 
but all of them substantially the same, become an 
active element in the religious and political life of 
a great and colossal confederacy. Judging from 
the past, it is destined to occupy a still wider field, 
to over-run other countries, to revolutionize distant 
nations, and to achieve a greater, a more glorious 
conquest over the human mind. If we may speak 
from its visible results, it would be but just to say, 
its career has so far been bright and hopeful. 
Yiewing it from the Anglo-American side, from 
the popular theory of religious liberty, we cannot 
feel too grateful for the blessings, it has conferred ; 
for the prospect, it presents to other portions of 
humanity. Its developments, indeed, I cannot 
give ; its history, in the proper sense, I cannot 
write ; for that involves relations of a logical sort, 
which no one living can state upon any of the 
received hypotheses either of Europe, or of Ame- 
rica. But we have much information respecting 
its external history ; something also will I tell of 



24 THE Day- STAR. 

its origin and early growth in this country ; nor do 
I disguise the pride a Marylander must feel, in 
sketching the following facts. And I think, in the 
course of this brief narrative, I will be able to 
suggest a solution to some of the j)roblems which 
now engross the attention of the nation. Who 
were the originators of the idea? and what was 
their faith ? are but two of the questions I am so 
often asked. Addressed by respectable persons, 
tortured with inquiries upon those and other inte- 
resting points, I am urged to speak. And the 
settlement of open questions in the history of this 
continent, is surely a matter of no trifling consi- 
deration in the present state of the national mind, 
giving such striking indications of excitement in 
every quarter, from the St. Lawrence to the 
Pacific. Most gladly, then, if I could, would I do 
the state some service ; and I hope at a future day 
to give a perfectly satisfactory answer. But my 
life is one of accidents ; and the history I am writing 
of the colonization of Maryland, may demand the 
unsparing toil of several more years. From my 
portfolio I will, therefore, take a few papers, and at 
once respond ; from the shadows of my solitary 



OPEN QUESTIONS. 25 

cli amber, from the dry and dusty records, from the 
living oracles of the past, I will now addresij the 
millions of my comitrymen. 



26 TTTE DAY-STAR. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Toleration Secured by the Charter for Maryland. 

The charter^ was a compact between a member 
of tlie English, and a disciple of the Roman 
church ; between an Anglo-Catholic king and a 
Roman Catholic prince ; between Charles the 
First of England, and Cecilius, the second baron 
of Baltimore, and the first lord proprietary of 
Maryland. To the confessors of each faith, it was 
the pledge of religions freedom. If not the form, 
it had the spirit and substance of a concordat^ in 
the sense quite as strong, as any of those earlier 
charters of the English Crown, to which the chief 
priest of Rome was, in any respect, a party. This 
is the inference faithfully drawn from a view of 
the instrument itself ; from a consideration of the 
facts and circumstances attending the grant ; and 

^ The Charter was given in 1632. There is a copy in Bacon's 
Laws, in Bozman's Maryland, and in Hazard's Collections. 



THE CONCORDAT. 27 

from a study of the various interpretations, essays, 
and histories, of the many discourses, and other pub- 
lications, which have appeared upon this prolific 
theme. It accounts for the prohibition of every con- 
struction inconsistent with the " true Christian 
religion^^'' — an expression coming from the lips of an 
English king, and resembling a clause in the first 
charter for the Anglo-CathoUo colony of Virginia * 

* The words ia the English copy (see Sec. 22 of the Charter) are 
*' God's holy and true Christiaa religion 5" in the Latin (see Bacon 
and Hazard), " Sacrosancta Dei et vera Christiana religio." To 
Mr. Brantz Mayer (see his Calvert and Penn) is due the credit of 
pointing out a grammatical inaccuracy in the English translation. 
We are indebted to Mr. S. F. Streeter also (see his Maryland Two 
Hundred Years Ago) for a learned note of a subsequent date. 
The former's translation is, ''God's holy rights, and the true 
Christian religion 5" the latter's, ''the holy service of God, and 
true Christian religion 5" and my own, '' the most sacred thine,., 
of God, and the true Christian religion." Mr. Mayer, indeed, sug- 
gests, in a note, the agreement of "sacrosancta " with "negotia ;" 
and gives no sufficient reason, it strikes mo, for substituting 
" rights " for " things." See his text, p. 28. The substitute is too 
narrow ; and I cannot, therefore, adopt it. 

^ In the Charter of 1606 occur, "the true word and service of 
God and Christian faith ;" in the one of 1609, " the true worship 
of God and Christian religion ;" and in the orders of 1619 and 



28 THE DAY-STAR. 

— but, in a grant to the Roman Catholic propne- 
tary, intended, doubtless, as a simple security for 
the members of the English church. It suggests 
the reason also, why the obligation to establish the 
religion of Englishmen was omitted in the case of 
Maryland ; but expressly or tacitly imposed, either 
by the charters or by the orders given to most, if 
not all, of the other Anglo-American colonies.* It 
is not less in harmony with the supposition of 
Ejing Charles's regard for the rights of his Anglo- 
Catholic brethren, who subsequently came to St. 



1620, " the true religion and service of God." These expressions 
clearly refer to the religion of the English Church in a strictly 
exclusive sense. See Henning's Collection, and the preceding 
publication of Mr. Streeter, pp. 71-76. " The true Christian faith, 
now professed in the Church of England," is a clause in the letters 
.patent to Sir Walter Raleigh. See Streeter, p. 73. See also, in 
Streeter, the Charters to Sir Edmund Plowden for New Albion, 
and to Sir Ferdinando Gorges for Maine. " Worship and religion 
of Christ," in the 4th sec. of the Maryland Charter, doubtless refers 
to the English Church. 

^ The Virginia Charter of 1609 virtually excluded the Roman 
Catholics ; so did the one for New England to Fernando Gorges 
and other persons, in 1621. See Streeter. Other cases could be 
cited. 



THE CONCOKDAT. 29 

Mary's, than with that generally admitted sin- 
cerity of Lord Baltimore, which cannot be recon- 
ciled to the notion of his accepting a grant directly 
opposed to the principles, or to the practice of his 
own faith. It is supported by the fact, that the 
object of the Calverts, in asking for the charter, 
was to found a colony, including the members, 
respectively, of the English, and of the Roman 
church — an object which, we cannot doubt, was 
known to the king, who signed, the instrument. 
And it is fully confirmed by the action of the pro- 
vincial legislature — the best commentary upon the 
spirit of the charter — and by one of the first 
judicial decisions still preserved upon the records. 
Within a short period after the landing of the 
Pilgrims, an act was passed, declaring, that "Holy 
Church " should enjoy " all her rights ;" and, a 
year later, it was followed by another of the same 
purport.^ These words were clearly taken from the 

* The Act of 1639 declares that, " Holy Church, within this pro- 
vince, shall have all her rights and liberties ;" the one of 16iO, 
that, *' Holy Church, within this province, shall have and enjoy 
all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and without blemish." 
See Bacon, Bozman, and many other authorities. A bill also of 



30 THE DAY-STAK. 

great charters of the English Crown, in the days 
of the Normans and of the Plantagenets ; ^ and, 
in both cases, the term ^^Holy^^ included the 
English as well as the Roman church.^ We will 

1639 says, " Holy Church, within this province, shall have all her 
rights, liberties, and immunities, safe, whole, and inviolable in all 
things." 

^ The Charter of King John stipulates that the English Church 
" shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her libertiea 
inviolable ;" the first one of Henry the Third, that she shall " be 
free," and " have her whole rights and liberties inviolable ;" the 
second of the same king, that " she shall be free,'- and " have her 
whole rights and her liberties inviolable ;" the third, that she 
" shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her liberties 
inviolable ;" and the fii-st of Edward the First, that she " shall be 
free," and " have her whole rights and liberties inviolable." 

^ It is surprising to think, how some of our historians have been 
embarrassed in the attempt to interpret the two acts of the 
Assembly. The close resemblance of our early legislation to the 
charters I have cited does not seem to have occurred to Chalmers, 
Hawks, Allen, and many others. If the case of the Rev. Francis 
Fitzherbert, in another note, be any authority, the " doctors of the 
Church" were by no means "puzzled." There is also a striking 
analogy between our primitive forms or precedents, and the 
expressions contained in the charter of King John. Compare, for 
instance, the oath of the Privy Councillor, in 1648, to " delay or 
deny right" to "none," with the fortieth section of that charter. 



* THE CONCORDAT. 31 

see that ^' Holy Church^'' was used, at a subsequent 
period, in a mucli more compreliensive sense. 
But neither in the early English charters, nor in 
the two preceding acts of the Assembly, did the 
words secure anything but the rights of the 
Anglican, and of the Roman Catholic. In the 
case of Lieut. Wm. Lewis, the Roman Catholic, 
convicted, in 1638, of violating a proclamation, 
by improperly engaging in religious controversy, 
and thereby disturbing the "peace'' of the colony; 
the main ground of the offence consisted, in his 
inveighing against the Protestants, for reading a 
book ^ " allowed^^ by '' the State of England. "^^ Such 

Each sectioa of the charter has, indeed, been called a statute. 
And the law of 1639, including the section relating to the Church, 
may be regarded as a series of acts partaking of the nature of a 
Magna Charta. Certain it is, that, in the Charter of King John, 
"Holy Church" occurs in a sense distinct from "Holy Roman 
Church," as well as from " English Church." It can bear but one 
interpretation. Both in the early charters, and in the acts of our 
Assembly, it clearly includes the Anglican not less than the 
Roman Catholics. 

^ The case of Lewis has so often been published (see, e.g., Boz- 
man, vol. 2, pp. 83-85, and 596-598), that it is necessary only to 
add, the proclamation of Governor Calvert prohibited *' all unsea- 



32 THE DAY-STAR. 

was the test of an Aiiglo-Catliolic's rights, under 
tlie earliest practice of the government. Such 
was the doctrine in the case which has been cited ; 
such the opinion of Mr. Secretary Lewger, a 
justice of the Supreme Court; and such the 
decision of Leonard Calvert, the lieutenant gene- 
ral or governor, and the chief justice of the pro- 
vince. " lloly^'^ as well as " CatKolic^^ we know 
also,. is used in creeds common to the English and 
to the Roman church. And " Catholic " is a term 
not unfrequently applied, upon the provincial 
records, to the Church of England.' The little 
chapel also, near the Fort at St. Mary's, the place 
for the worship of the Anglo-Catholic colonists 
before the arrival of any of their ministers, and 

sonable disputations, in point of religion, tending to tlie disturb- 
ance of the public peace and quiet of the colony, and to the 
opening of faction in religion." See 2 Bozman, p. 83. 

^ In 1642, " the Protestant Catholics of Maryland " are men- 
tioned upon the Records— intended, no doubt, for the members of 
the English Church. See their petition to the Assembly, in 2 Boz- 
man, p. 199. In some, also, of the early wills, " Catholic " is 
applied to the Church of England. See the one of Thos. Banks, 
in 1684, Lib. G., p. 126. 



THE CONCOEDAT. 33 

given hj most writers to the Protestants, was pro- 
bably not their property exclusively, but erected 
with the joint funds or contributions of the Roman 
and of the Anglican Catholics. The key to it 
was seized, in 1642, by Doctor Gerrard, a pBbmi- 
nent Roman Catholic,' and npon the grouad of 
some clawi, if we may judge from an expression 
in the decision against him. In the proposjM, about 
the same year, for a transfer of the pre^nises to 
Lord Baltimore (an arrangement not imijiediately, 
if ever at all, effected), another Romaii Catholic 
gentleman was the ostensible owner c^ represen- 
tative of the title. And there is evidence to show, 
that at a very early period, the graveyard was tlie 
usual burial-place of the Roman Catholics.'' Some 
also of the colonists, who held land,iinder Doctor 
Gerrard, as the lord of St. ClemeiJ's Manor, as 






' See the case of Thos. Gerrard, in 2 Bozman, pp. 199-200. 

' Such, it seems, was the fact, from the will of Joha Lloyd, of 
St. Mary's — a Roman Catholic, who expressed the wish to bo 
interred "in ye ordinary burying-place, in St. Mary's chapel- 
yard." See his will of 1C58, in Lib. S., lGo8 to 1GG2, Judgments, 
pp. 74-75. 

2* 



34 THE DAY-STAE. 

well as the Doctor's wife/ were Protestants. And 
he, and other Roman Catholics, it is not unreason- 
able to suppose, were partly instrumental in build- 
ing this little temple, in token of the concord' 
between the English and the Roman Catholic ; and 
where each, at his own appropriate hour, might 
offer up his sacrifice to the Most High. 

Faithfully did Cecilius, the proprietary, execute 
the pledge he had given to the members of the Eng- 
lish church. How intoxicating is the taste of power! 
How apt are we to forget the obligation we owe to 
those whom we command ! How easy was it for 
the proprietary, in an obscure and remote part of 
the world, beyond the immediate eye of the Crown, 

^ The case of the Rev. Francis Fitzherbert develops the faith 
of Doctor Gerrard and his wife. 

^ My theory respecting the object and ownership of the chapel, 
is by no means essential ^o the support of the Interpretation given 
to the charter. But under every aspect, It Is, in itself, highly 
probable. And I suggest It as one of the evidences that the har- 
mony existed, barring a few Individual cases, as a living reality, 
independently even of the action of the Proprietary's govern- 
ment. For negotiations respecting the purchase, see Bozman, vol. 
2, pp. 263, and 627-628. 



THE HONOR DUE TO CECILIUS. 35 

to commit acts of petty cruelty and oppression 
towards those who differed with him on points of 
faith, not only by excluding them from civil offices 
but also in many other respects ! How often do 
we deny to others, what we have so earnestly 
claimed for ourselves ! And how great is the 
reproach to human nature — to peasants as well as 
princes, in that and in every other age — arising 
from the disregard so often manifested for the 
obligation of promises, or for the sacredness of 
treaties! The singular fidelity with which the 
second baron of Baltimore kept his pledge, pre- 
sents one of the best examples upon the record, 
one of the purest lessons of history, one of the 
strongest claims to the gratitude of Maryland, and 
to the admiration of the world. 



36 THE DAT-STAR. 



CHAPTEK lY. 

The Toleration under the first Governor. 

Such is the meaning of the charter historically 
interpreted ; and such the earliest principle and 
practice of the government — freedom to the Angli- 
can and freedom to the Eoman Catholic — a free- 
dom of conscience, not allowed but exacted. A 
freedom, however, of a wider sort springs forth at 
the birth of the colony — not demanded by that 
instrument, but permitted by it — not graven upon 
the tables of stone, or written upon the pages of 
the statute-book — but conceived in the very bosom 
of the proprietary, and of the original Pilgrims — 
not a formal or constructive, but a living freedom 
— a freedom of the most practical sort. It is the 
freedom, which it remained for them, and for them 
alone, either to grant or to deny — a freedom 
embracing within its range, and protecting under 
its banner, all those who were believers in Jesus 



PRACTICAL TOLEKATION IN 1034. 37 

Cheist. And the grant of this freedom is that 
which has placed the proprietary among the first 
law-reformers of the world, and Maryland in 
advance of every State upon the continent. Our 
ancestors had seen the evils of intolerance ; they 
had tasted the bitter cup of persecution. Happy 
is lie whose moral sense has not been corrupted by 
bigotry, whose heart is not hardened by misfor- 
tune, whose soul (the spring of generous impulse) 
has never been dried up by the parching adversi- 
ties of life ! They brought with them, in " The 
Ark," and " The Dove," the elements of that 
liberty they had so much desired, themselves, in the 
Old World, and which to others in the New, of a 
different faith, they were too good and too just to 
deny. Upon the banks of the St. Mary's, in the 
soil of Maryland, amid the wilderness of America, 
they planted that seed which has since become a 
tree of life to the nation, extending its branches 
and casting its shadows across a whole continent. 
The records have been carefully searched. No 
case of persecution occurred during the adminis- 
tration of Governor Leonard Calvert, from the 
foundation of the settlement at St. Mary's to the 



38 THE DAY-STAR. 

year 1647. His policy included the humblest as 
well as the most exalted ; and his maxim was, 
Peace to all — Pkoscription of none.^ Keligious 
LIBERTY was a VITAL PART of the earliest common- 
law of the province. 

^ The inference from a careful search of the Records is con- 
firmed by the testimony of Langford, whose " Refutation of 
Babylon's Fall" was published very soon after the battle of 
1655 ; and by the authority of Bancroft and other historians. 
Mr. Bancroft says (see vol. 1, p. 257) that the government, in 
conformity with strict and repeated injunctions, had never given 
disturbance to any persons in Maryland *'for matter of reli- 
gion." The Protestant declaration of 1G50, also contains evi- 
dence independently of that, which relates to the Act of 1649. 



THE OFFICIAL OATH. 39 



CHAPTEE Y. 

Toleration Implied ia the Official Oath, 

At the date of tlie charter. Toleration existed in 
the heart of tlie proprietary. And it appeared, in 
the earliest administration of the afi'airs of the 
province. But an oath was soon prepared by him, 
including a pledge from the governor and the 
privy counsellors, " directly or indirectly," to 
" trouble, molest, or discountenance " no " person 
whatever," in the province, " professing to believe 
in Jesus Christ." Its d ite is still an open question 
— some writers supposing it was imj)osed in 1637 ; 
and others, in 1618. I am inclined to think the 
oath of the latter was but " an augmented edition"' 

* See Brantz Mayer's "Calvert and Pcnn," pp. 46-47; Chal- 
mers's Annals ; and the authorities quoted by Mr. Mayer. See also 
Langford's " Refutation of Babylon's Fall." I do not, however, 
conceive there is anything material in the exact date, or in the 
formal imposition. 



40 THE DAY-STAR. 

of the one in the former year. The grant of the 
charter marks the era of a special Toleration. But 
the earliest practice of the government presents 
the first ; the ofiicial oath, the second ; the action 
of the Assembly in 16i9, the third, and, to advo- 
cates of a republican government, the most impor- 
tant phasis, in the history of the general Tolera- 
tion. Tlie oath of 1648 is worthy of attention, in 
another particular. It contained a special pledge, 
in favor of the Roman Catholics — a feature, which 
might have been deemed requisite, in consideration 
of the fact, that the proprietary had appointed a 
Protestant gentleman ^ for the post of lieutenant- 
general, or governor. Some also of the privy 
counsellors were of the same faith. 

^ This view is confirmed by Langford, and accepted by Streeter, 
who certainly manifests no partiality for the proprietary. 



A&SE]^rBLT OF 1649. 41 



CHAPTER YI. 

The Assembly of 1649 — Kent and St. Mary's Represented- 
Sketch of their Early History— Passage of the Toleration Act. 

The little provincial parliament of Maryland 
assembled, at St. Mary's, in the month of April,^ 
during the year 1649. This was about fifteen 
years after the landing of the Pilgrims, under 
Governor Calvert ; about thirty later than the set- 
tlement of the Puritans at Plymouth ; and more 
than forty, subsequently to the arrival of the 
Anglo-Catholics at Jamestown, in Yirginia. The 
members of the Assembly at St. Mary's met in a 
spirit of moderation but seldom the characteristic 
of a dominant party. The province was at peace 
with the aboriginal tribes within its limits. The 
unhappy contest with Col. Wm. Clayborne had 

^ The Assembly met about the 14th of April, according to the 
present calendar, or the 2d of that month. Old Style. For the 
Julian, or Old Style, see 2 Bozman, p. 384. 



4:2 THE DAT-STAR. 

been virtually terminated ; tlie rebellions of Capt. 
Richard Ingle, and other Protestant enemies, 
effectively suppressed; the reins of government 
recovered ; and the principles of order once more 
established. Governor Calvert, the chief of the 
Maryland Pilgrims, after a trying, but heroic, and 
honorable administration, had died, amid the 
prayers and blessings of his friends, without a 
stain upon his memory. Thos. Green had, also, 
for a short period, been the governor. And the 
principal key of authority was then held by Capt. 
"Wm. Stone. 

The Assembly was composed of the governor, 
the privy counsellors and the burgesses. In many 
particulars, its model was not unlike that of the 
primitive parliaments of England.' The governor 
and the privy counsellors were appointed by 
Cecilius, the feudal prince or ^proprietary of the 
province ; the burgesses, who were chosen by the 
freemen, represented the democratic element in 
the original constitution of Maryland. The dele- 

* The Assembly was sometimes called " Parliament." See the 
Records ; also 2 Posman, p. 185, note. 



KENT. 43 

gates were sent by Kent and by St. Mary's, the 
only two counties at that time within tlie limits of 
the principality ; the former upon the east, the 
latter upon the west side of " The Great Bay." 
And while there is no reason for asserting the 
want of harmony upon the business of this Assem- 
bly, it is a remarkable fact, that for more than two 
centuries the most strongly marked diiferences 
have existed between the shores of the Chesa- 
peake, not only of a geographical, but also of a 
political character. 

Kent, in the midst of many sad reverses, had 
grown out of a settlement founded as early as 1630, 
by Col. Clayborne, in the spirit of a truly heroic 
adventure, under the jurisdiction established at 
Jamestown, and during the administration (it is 
supposed) of Governor Harvey, upon an island of 
the Chesapeake called Kent, but then the "Isle 
of Kent ;" ' a purchase (to quote the colonel's own 

^ It is supposed by some that the island derived its name from 
the birthplace of Clayborne. There were families of his name ia 
Westmoreland and York. But there is no trace of him in Phil- 
pot'a " Villare," or any other work I have seen relating to Kent. 
The island, I think, was named in boaor of the governor under 



44 THE DAY-STAR 

words) from " the kings of that country ;" ^ and the 
original centre* of the county represented at St. 
Mary's, though now included within the limits 

whose administration, or auspices, the settlement was founded, 
and who was probably a native of the English county of Kent. 

^ Bozman, vol. ii. pp. 67 and 582. 

' The seat of Clayborne's settlement was at Kent Point. There 
also was the "Mill," several of which (that is, windmills) can still 
be seen. There is not a single water-fall upon the island, and the 
records mention the **vane," and other things, which prove the 
wind was the motive power. 

Near the "Mill" was Fort Kent. Fort Crayford stood near 
Craney Creek, now a pond, and is frequently noticed upon the old 
records at Chestertown, especially in the deeds containing the 
boundary lines to tracts of land. It is not named in any of our 
histories ; but the recorded evidence is as strong as that relating 
to the site of the other fort. 

Kent Fort Manor included Kent Mill and Kent Fort. It was 
given by the proprietary to Gov. Calvert as a reward for his ser- 
vices in the conquest of the island ; but assigned to Capt. Giles 
Brent, whose family, for many generations, held the title. From 
the testimony of Mr. Bryan, a soldier of 1776, and at the time of 
my interview nearly ninety-five years old, I learn that the manor- 
house was burnt during his childhood ; but another, upon the 
same foundation, soon afterwards .built. The spot is easily desig- 
nated, being but a few hundred yards from the vault, and still 
nearer to a small clump of old and dwarfish damagoene-treeg, Tha 



jj:ent. 45 

of Queen Anne's* — an island still noted for the 
beauty of its scenery, and the wealth of its wa- 
ters in fish and fowl ; and the only dwelling-place 
of the colonists upon the eastern shore, at the time 
of this Assembly ; the seat, also, of opulence and 
elegance at a period anterior to the American 
Revolution ;' and represented in the Yirginia 

piece of a mill-stone, the fragment of an oven-lid, and a few other 
relics, may now be picked up. In the examination of these inte- 
resting localities, I was kindly aided by several intelligent gen- 
tlemen, especially by Doctor Samnel Harper, of Easton. 

There was a court-house upon the island ; the first on the east 
side of the Chesapeake. It stood, I am inclined to think, upon 
the eastern part of the island. 

The Matapeakes are the only Indians whose residence upon the 
island, or whose name can be traced. They lived at one time 
near Indian Spring ; and at another, in Matapax Neck. See my 
paper presented to the Md. Hist. Society. 

^ The island, first of all, was under the jurisdiction of Virginia; 
then the subject of contest between Lord Baltimore and Colonel 
Clayborne ; subsequently annexed as a hundred to St. Mary's ; 
and next erected into a county. At a later period, it belonged to 
Talbot. But before the year 1695, it was again, though for a short 
^ime, erected into. a county. 

' See Eddis's Letters — an instructive, well-written volume — 
where the reader will find an interesting sketch of a visit to the 
island. 



46 THE DAY-STAR. 

House of Burgesses, before tlie settlement at St. 
Mary's;' but, above all, distinguished as the first 
focal point of Anglo-American civilization' within 
the present boundaries of our State. 

St. Mary's, which also had been purchased from 
the Indians — how honorable to the memory of 
those who took part in that transaction ! * — and 

^ " The Virginians," says Chalmers, " boasted, with their wonted 
pride, that the colonists of Kent sent burgesses to their Assembly, 
and were subjected to their jurisdiction, before Maryland had a 
name." Nor was the boast without foundation. Their early 
legislative journals (see Henning's Collection) show conclusively, 
that the island was represented by Capt. Nicholas Martin. 

^ The date of the settlement cannot be accurately given. The 
Rev, Ethan Allen supposes it was during the year 1G29. See 
Allen's Maryland Toleration, p. 8. 

' The followinoj extract will show the manner in which Gover- 
nor Calvort proceeded, soon after his arrival : — 

'- To make his entry peaceable and safe, he thought fit to present 
ye Werowance and Wisoes of the town (so they call ye chief men 
of account among them), with some English cloth (such as is used 
in trade with ye Indians), axes, hoes, and knives, which they 
accepted very kindly, and freely gave consent to his company, 
that he and they should dwell in one part of- their town, and 
reserve the other for themselves : aM those Indians that dwelt in 
that part of ye town which was allotted for ye English, freely left 
them their houses and some corn that they had begun to plant. 



ST. MAEY'S. 47 

which had borne the appellation . of Augusta- 
CaroUna,^ included a territory of thirty miles, 
extending towards the mouth of the Potomac, and 
embracing the St. Mary's, which flows into that 
river. Within this county was also the small city, 
which had been founded upon the site an abori- 

It was also agreed between them, that at ye end of ye harvest, 
they should have ye whole town, which they did accordingly. 
And they made mutual promises to each other to live peaceably 
and friendly together ; and if any injury should happen to be 
done, on any part, that satisfaction should be made for ye samej 
and thus, on ye 27th day of March, A.D. 1C34, ye governor took 
possession of ye place, and named ye town St. Maries. 

" There was an occasion that much facilitated their treaty with 
these Indians, which was this : the Susquehanocks (a warlike peo- 
ple that inhabit between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did 
usually make wars and incursions upon ye neighboring Indians, 
partly for superiority, partly for to get their women, and what 
other purchase they could meet with ; which the Indians of Yoa- 
comaco fearing, had, ye year before our arrival there, made a 
resolution, for their safety, to remove themselves higher into ye 
country, where it was more populous, and many of them were 
gone there when ye English arrived." See " A Relation of Mary- 
land, 1G35." 

^ In lionor, we may suppose of King Charles. Augusta was not 
borne by any member of the royal family ; nor was Caroline. The 
former may be regarded as an adjective, or epithet. 



48 THE DAY-STAR. 

ginal village ; ^ and whicli, like the river upon 
wliich it stood, derived its beautiful name from tlie 
Blessed Virgin ; the chief star in a constellation of 
little settlements and plantations ; and for a period 
of about sixty years, the provincial capital of 
Maryland — a city of which nothing now remains, 
deserving the dignity of ruins, and a few relics only 
are preserved — the records and everything belong- 
ing to the government having long since been 
removed to Annapolis — but a spot still consecrated 
in the affections of the country — one which is 
visited upon anniversary and other occasions by 
the well-bred sons of Maryland, and to which 
patriots of other States may look with pride and 
pleasure — ^where also the pilgrim of the future, in 
approaching the shrine already dedicated by the 
voice of history, will ever rejoice to pour out his 
feelings in exj^ressions of profound gratitude to 
God. 

The principle of compensation for services, it is 
proper to state, was not adopted by the memor- 
able Assembly of 1649. The only consideration 

* Yacomico, 



BILL OF CHARGES. 49 

allowed the representatives of the freemen, and 
paid in their usual currency, was twenty-six pounds 
of tobacco each day — a quantity equivalent to 
seventy-eight pence in English, or a hundred and 
fifty-six cents in American money — and intended 
simply to cover the "cost of " their diet,'' and the 
"loss of their time." One member, indeed, of the 
Lower House received a consideration for service, 
or " trouble ;" but three others only ten pounds of 
tobacco, respectively. The whole "bill of 
charges," so far, at least, as regards the burgesses, 
was prepared with a special reference to the 
exhausted state of the province. And we may 
suppose, that some of them waived a part even of 
their right to the little allowance. 

The membei*s of our early provincial parlia- 
ments, unlike some of their English prototypes, 
generally, if not always, in entering the House 
took off their hats. They also stood when they 
addressed the chair. They seem, indeed, to have 
been distinguished, for their sense of modesty ; and 
for the strongest sentiments of respect and affec- 
tion for the person of the proprietary. But they 
lacked nothing of the spirit, or independence of 
8 



60 THE DAY-STAR. 

freemen. They were not under the proprietary's 
dictation. The legislative annals are full of strik- 
ing and well-known illustrations of their manhood. 
If proof were needed, the very letter addressed 
him, by the Assembly of this year, and published 
in Bozman's History, would be sufficient. 

In the Hall of Edward the Confessor, a picture 
has been presented of the primitive parliament, by 
one of England's most accurate historians. The 
Anglo-Saxon is giving his friendly explanations 
of the Assembly to the ISiorwegian stranger. 
"Haco," says he, "you well know how we call 
this Assembly ?— A Micel getheaht^ ' or Great 
tliought — a Witena-gemot, or Meeting of the Wise 
— and at present it well deserves its name. Our 
Redes-men^ or counsellors, the members of the 
legislature, ponder much before they come 
together, say little, and write less." ' May it not, 
with a still greater truth, be affii-med, that our own 
early law-givers were the representatives of a 
great and sublime conception? And judging 

^ From the Anglo-Saxon word, <' micel ' ' (big), is derived our 
English surname " MitchelP 
' Palgrave's History of the Anglo-Saxons, Preface, p. 25. 



THE WITENAGEMOT OP 1649. 51 

from the number of wholesome laws enacted in 
164:9, as well as the shortness of their session (for 
it did not include twentj^five days), it would 
seem, the Assembly-men of this year were cer- 
tainly not very fond of talking or speech-making. 
It appears also, that some of them, like our Saxon 
forefathers,' could neither read nor write. It can 
be proved from the records, that two of them, at 
least, were in the habit of making a signet mark." 
But did they not leave a mark also upon the coun- 
try, and upon the world ? In depth and earnest- 

* *• I hear," says the Anglo-Saxon, " that amongst the French 
they designate such assemblies as ours by the name of a * collo- 
quium^'' or, as we should say, a ' talk- — which they render, in their 
corrupted romance-jargon, by the word ^parlement;'' and should 
our '■ Witena gemot,'' our ^ Micel-getheaht^'' ever cease to be a 
'meeting of the wise,- or 'great-thought,' and become a ^ parle- 
ment,'' or 'great-talk,' it will be worse for England than if a 
myriad of your northern pirates were to ravish the land from sea 
to sea." Palgrave, p. 26. 

^ Some even of the Anglo-Saxon kings made their mark. It is 
doubtful if William the Conqueror could write. 

^ Col. John Price, of the upper, and Mr. John Maunsell, of the 
lower House : the former a Protestant, the latter a Roman 
Catholic. 



52 THE DAT-STAR. 

ness, iu real dignity and propriety, in profound 
views of human nature, and in true legislative 
wisdom, they were not a whit behind those earlier 
law-givers, who bore the appellation of "The 
"Wise," and wdiose bright renown has come down 
to our own age. Tlie law^s of King Alfred, so 
celebrated in the history of English jurisprudence, 
do not excel the legislation of our own little 
Assembly, during the dominion of the first pro- 
prietary. The principle adopted by the Assembly 
of this year, respecting the purchase of Indian 
land-titles, has since been tested a thousand times; 
and is now a prominent feature in the policy of 
the federal government. But to the legislators of 
1649, was it given, to discharge a much higher 
task — to execute a much nobler mission — to inau- 
gurate a much greater idea — an idea which had 
existed in the bosom of the proprietary, and been 
sanctioned by the earliest practice of the govern- 
ment ; but yet awaited a formal confirmation from 
the Roman Catholic and from the Protestant 
planters of the province. The time, at length, 
arrived for them also, to officiate at the altar of 
religious freedom ; and to take their own rank 



THE NOBLE MISSION. 53 

among the foremost spirits of tlie age. Near 
the close of the session, within the range of abo- 
riginal villages, and the blaze of Indian council 
fires, thej took counsel, we may suppose, not only 
of each other, but also of the true "Father of 
Lights," and then, by a solemn act, they endorsed 
that policy, which ever since has shed the bright- 
est lustre upon the legislative annals of the 
province. 



54 THE DAT-STAK. 



CHAPTEK YIL 

''The Act concerning Religion." 

The '' Act concerning Religion " (for that is the 
the title of the law), has already been printed. 
But it forms so important a Ihik in the chain of 
this narrative, that its leading provisions should be 
stated. The design was five-fold: — to guard by an 
express penalty " the most sacred things ^ of God ;" 
to inculcate the principle of religious decency and 
order ; to establish, upon a firmer basis, the har- 
mony alread}" existing between the colonists ; to 
secure, in the fullest sense, freedom as well as pro- 
tection to all believers in Christianity ; ^ and to 

' '• Sacrosancta " was used by the Latin fathers (see Andrews 
and other authorities) for the most sacred things. And such I 
take to be the sense intended in the writings of English- divines 
and in state papers corresponding with the date of the charter. 
In this I am confirmed also by the action of the provincial legis- 
lature. 

"^ Upon the Records of the High Provincial Court is preserved 



ACT CONCERNING RELIGION. 55 

protect quiet disbelievers against every sort of 
reproach, or ignominy. In determining the diffe- 
rent lines and landmarks, a regard, of course, must 
be had to the spirit of the charter, to the theolo- 
gical notions of the age, and to the character of 
the elements, which then composed the population 
of the province. 

a case ia which the prisoner, a Roman Catholic priest, vindicated 
his right under this leading provision of the law. It is, in many 
respects, a very interesting one, and sheds a great deal of light 
upon the domestic, social, and religious history of this period. 
The Act of 1C39 included, we have seen, the English and the 
Roman Church. But the one of 1G49 practically gave to the term 
" holy '' a much more comprehensive signification. 

In Father Fitzherbert's case, the following are the proceedings 
of the court, which was held at St. Leonard's Creek, " the 5th of 
October" o. s. a.d. 1658. Present— Gov. Fendall ; Philip Cal- 
vert, Esq., Col. Utye, Capt. Stone, and Messrs. Job Chandler and 
Baker Brooke. 

" An information of his lordship's attorney against Francis Fitzherbert, for 
practising of treason and sedition, and giving out rebellious and mutinous 
speeches, in this his lordship's province of Maryland, and endeavouring, as far 
as in him lay, to raise distraction and disturbances in this his lordship's said 
province. 

" 1. Francis Fitzherbert did, on ye 24th of August, 165S, traitorously and sedi- 
tiously, at a general meeting in arms of the people of the upper parts of Patuxent 
River, to muster, endeavour to seduce, and draw from their religion, the inhabi- 
tante there met together. 



56 THE DAY-STAR. 

1. The proprietary had the right upon all doubt- 
ful points, to construe the charter in that manner 
which was most favorable to himself. But no 
interpretation was allowed inconsistent with the 
'' Sacrosancta Dei^'' and the " Vera Christiana 
Religio " — the former, doubtless, implying a pro- 
hibition of the most wicked kind of hlasphemy^ as 

" 2. He did use the same traitorous and rebellious practice at Newtown on the 
80th of August, 1658, the people being met together for ye end aforesaid. 

" 3. That, by these his traitorous and seditious practices, be hath caused several 
inhabitants of this province to refuse to appear at musters ; that they shall 
thereby be incapable of defending the peace and liberty of ye inhabitants of 
this his lordship's province, against the attempt of foreign or homebred 
enemies. 

•'4. That he hath rebelliously and mutinously said, that if Thos, Gerrard, 
Esq. (of the council), did not come and bring his wife and children to his church, 
he would come and force them to the church, contrary to a known Act of 
Assembly in this province. 

" Rt. Honourable — Since I writ my last to you, I have received a message 
from Mrs. Gerrard, which is th^ Mr. Fitaherbert hath threatened excommuni- 
cation to Mr. Gerrard, because he doth not bring to his church his wife and 
children. And further, Mr. Fitzherbert saith, that he hath written home to ye 
head of the Church in England, and that if it be their judgments to have it so 
he will come with a party and compel them. My lord, this I offer to your 
lordship, as Mrs. Gerrard's relation, who I think would not offer to report any 
such thing if it were not so. And, my lord, I thank God, ye govei-nment of ye 
country is now in your officers' hands. But I think (and I have good grounds 
to think so) that it will not long continue there if such things be not remedied. 
I told Mr. Fitzherbert of it, about a year since in private, and also that such 
things were against the law of ye country. Yet his answer was, that he must b« 



ACT CONCERNING RELIGION. 57 

well as the desecration of the most holy institu- 
tions ; the latter defining or bounding the pledge of 
religious freedom to the Roman Catholic by secur- 
ing the same liberty for the English churchman. 
And there cannot be reasonable doubt, that among 
statesmen as well as ecclesiastics, two centuries 
ago, the Lord's Day and the Trinity (or funda- 

directed by his conscience mor^than by the law of any country. I do not, my 
lord, thrust myself upon any business of quarrel ; but it is peace and quietness 
I desire. And I hope your lordship hath no other cause but to wish the same. 
And so I refer the consideration of it to you ; and remain your lordship's most 
faithful servant to command, — Hen : Coorsey. 

" Thos. Gerrard, Esq., saith upon oath, that having conference with Mr. 
Fitzherbert, as they were walking in the woods, and in his own orchard, touch- 
ing ye bringing his children to the Roman Catholic Church, he gave Mr. Fitz- 
herbert reasons why it was not safe for himself and this deponent. And the 
said Mr. Fitzherbert told his deponent that he would compel and force them, 
And likewise, he said, that he would excommunicate him; for he would make 
him know that he had to do with ye bringing up of his children and his estate. 

'• The deposition of Robt. Slye, aged 30 years, or thereabouts, sworn and 
examined in open court, saith : — That some time in or about July or August in 
the year 1656, Mr. Fitzherbert being then at this deponent's house, this deponent 
desired Mr. Fitzherbert to inform him who it was that had scandalously and 
falsely accused him of beating his Irish servants, because they refused to be 
of the same religion of him, the said deponent. Which request Mr. Fitzherbert 
refused to grant, saying that he did believe the report to be false ; and therefore 
desired him, this deponent, not farther to urge him in that business, for he 
■would not, and could not, disclose the author thereof. Mr. Fitzherbert told ye 
said deponent that Mr. Gerrard had also beaten an Irish servant of his like- 
wise, because she refused to be a Protestant, or go to prayer witli those of his 

3* 



58 THE DAT-STAR. 

mental article of revealed religion) were two of the 
" 7nost sacred''^ things of God. This fact accounts 
for the penalty against those who wei-e guilty of 
violating the sanctity of the ''Sabbath;" or of 
"cursing" God, that is denying the great doctrine 
of the Athanasian creed. 

2. A history is not an argument. In any other 

family that were so. To which the said deponent replied, that that story was 
like the other (or words to yt purpose) ; from which discourse likewise we fell 
to other relating to Mr. Gerrard and the children. Mr. Fitzherbert told him, 
the said deponent, that Mr. Gerrard, although he professed himself a Roman 
Gatholic, yet his life and conversation was not agreeable to his profession. The 
said deponent asked him his reason. Mr. Fitzherbert answered, because he 
brought not his wife and children to the Roman Catholic Church. Moreover, 
he told him, the said deponent, that ,if Mr. Gerrard would not bring his 
children to his church he would force and compel him thereunto, if he 
were the same in reality, that he pretended himself to be. Moreover, that if 
Mr. Gerrard's life and conversation was not otherwise for the future than what 
it had been formerly, he would draw his sword against him, if he made choice of 
him for his father confessor, or to that effect. By the word sword this deponent 
understood, that he meant the censure of ye church. But this deponent under- 
stood not what he meant by the words force or compel. Mr. Fitzherbert told 
this deponent further, that if Mr. Gerrard brought not his children freely to his 
church, nor educated them in the principles of the Romish religion, he would 
lake such a course that he would undertake their education in Mr. Gerrard's 
own house, whether Mr. Gerrard would give way thereunto or no. This depo- 
nent advised Mr. Fitzherbert to forbear to proceed according to such resolution. 
Whereupon, after long arguing about this business, Mr. Fitzherbert told the 
said deponent that if he would tell him his opinion, what it were best to do in 
relation to Mr. Gerrard, liis wife, and children; and he, the said Mr, Fitzher- 



FATHER FITZHERBERT S CASE. 59 

place, a dispute indeed upon a question of religious 
decency would be quite as useless as one upon a 
point of taste. But the world, eitlier Roman 
Catholic or Protestant, is hardly yet so wise as to 
be prepared to condemn Lord Baltimore and the 
Assembly of Maryland for the imposition of a fine 
of five pounds upon the man who should dare to 

bert, promised him to follow his counsel. This deponent advised him not to 
disturb Mrs. Gerrard nor her children, in relation to their religion, or words to 
yt effect, as the deponent hath declared. And further saith not. 

"Henry Keine, sworn in open court, raaketh oath, that he went to Mrs. 
Brooke's house upon a summons to a muster, the 24th of July last, when 
Mr. Fitzherbert made a sermon. And Mr. Fitzherbert, coming forth, 
demanded of them how they hked his doctrine. And further, ye said Mr. Fitz- 
herbert said, if any would give him leave to be in their house, he would now 
and then come and give them a sermon. And, if he could get leave of the 
governor, he would preach at the court-house. That night, or the next day, 
Richard Games, turning Catholic, came home, and brought two books with him, 
which he said Mr. Fitzherbert gave him. And further saith not. 

" John Grammer maketh oath, that he was present at the muster at Mrs. 
Brooke's house, at the ^ame time. And there he heard a declaration, or 
sermon, by Mr. Fitzherbert, not expecting any. And after sermon Mr. Fitzher- 
bert said, that if the people in this river would hear him he would come now and 
then and give them a sermon. lie asked them how they liked his doctrino. 
But he lieard nobody make answer to him. The next day being Sunday, this 
deponent and his wife, going to Mrs. Brooke, he met there Mr. Fiizheibert, who 
asked him again how he liked his sermon. AVho answered, y; :;ouie filings he 
liked, and other some he did not like. Mr. Fitzherbert lin n nsked him what 
those things were he did not like ? and walked out wiih ti,is (J..i».iii.'nt, when 
they had a quarter of an hour's discourse. Ami in discomx^ lie ^.mvc liitn, this 



60 THE DAY-STAK. 

speak reproachfully of "The Blessed Virgin," or 
of the heroic evangelists and apostolic martyrs of 
the primitive church. 

S. There is a striking diiference between reli- 
gious uniformity and social harmony. And it was 
an object of the law to tolerate the want of the 
one, and to promote the growth of the other. In 
this particular, it was but the development of the 
policy which had been adopted under the first 
governor's administration. Bounded by the pre- 
ceding explanations, the law throughout breathes 
the spirit of peace and charity as well as harmony. 

4. Freedom, in the fullest sense, was secured to 
all believers in Christianity ; to Homan Catholics 
and Protestants ; to Episcopalians and Puritans ; to 
Calvinists and Arminians ; and to Christians of 

deponent, indifferent good satisfaction — his memory bging but wealc on Scrip- 
ture. And in conclusion of the discourse, Captain Thos. Brooke came and 
called ye said Mr. Fitzherbert in to dinner. And (whether after dinner or 
before he remembereth not) he gave him a little catechism book, desiring him to 
read it; bidding him, after he had read yt book, call to Richard Games for 
another book. And further saith not." See Lib. S. 1653 to 1662. Judgments 
pp. 102-105. 

Oil page 1082 is the following : — 

" Then was put an information against Francis Fitzherbert, by liis Lordship's 
attorney-general, folio 102. 



ACT CONCEKNING RELIGION. CI 

every otlier name coming within the meaning of 
the Assembly. A Christian was a believer in Jesus 
Christ. The belief in Christ was synonymous with 
a faith in his divinity. And the recognition of 
his God-head, was equivalent (such is the clear 
intention of the Act) to a confession of that 
article in the apostolic creed, which teaches the 
great doctrine of the Trinity. The act of the 
Assembly also fully explains the oath which had 
been imposed upon the governor, and the privy 
counsellors. And the believer enjoyed not only a 
freedom but also a protection. He who " troubled, 
molested, or discountenanced " him, was, according 
to the law, fined for his ofFeuce. 

5. From the language of the Act, as well as the 
subsequent practice of the government, it is evi- 



" To which Francis Fitzherbert demurred in law : 

" 1. Neither denying or confessing the matter here objected, since by the 
very first law of this country, Holy Church, within this province, shall have 
and enjoy all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and without blemish, 
amongst which that of preacliing and teaching is not the least. Neither 
imports it what church is there meant; since, by tiie true intent of the Act 
concerning religion, every church professing to believe in God the Father, Son, 
and Holy Ghost, is accounted Holy Church here. 

"2. Because, by the act entitled An Act Concerning Religion, it is provided 
that no per.-ion whaisoever professing to believe in .Tesns Christ shall be molested 



62 THE DAY-STAR. 

dent that tlie quiet disbeliever also was protected. 
A case can easily be given. But it is enough 
for the reader to look at that section of the law, 
which forbids the application, in a reproachful 
sense, to " any person or persons whatsoever," of 
any " name or term " " relating to matter of reli- 
gion." 

The Act, it will be observed, covers a very broad 
ground. It is true, it did not embrace every class 
of subsequent religionists. A Jew, without peril to 
his life, could not call the Saviour of the w^orld 
a " magician," or a " necromancer. A Quaker, 
under the order of the government, was required 
to take off his hat in coiirt, or go immediately to 
the whipping-post. The Mormon, who dignifies 
polygamy with the notion of a sacrament, who 
disseminates the gospel in the propagation of his 

for or in respect of his or her religion, or the free exercise thereof. And 
undoubtedly preaching and teaching is the free exercise of every churchman's 
religion. And upon this I crave judgment. 

" To the first and second point in the information put against the said Francis 
Fitzherbert the demurrer is allowed. The third point depends upon the two 
first, and is dis-allowed. 

" The opinion of the Board is, that it is neither rebellion nor mutiny to utter 
Buch words as alleged in the 4th article, if it were proved." See Lib. S. 1658 to 
1662, Judirment?, p. 10P2. 



CASE OF THE QUAKERS. (jd 

species, would not have been allowed, we may 
suppose, to many more than one woman. But as 
early as 1659, a well-known non-believer in the 
Trinity lived here, transacted his business, and 
instituted without objection his suits in the civil 
courts; nor were the Jewish disabilities entirely 
removed, till a period long after the American 
Revolution ; and this feature of the law, all 
things considered, was not more of a reproach 
to the legislators of 1649 than the constitution 
of tlie State to the reformers of 1774. We have 
no evidence, indeed, that any Quakers were in 
Maryland, at the passage of the law ; and when 
they came, their case was misunderstood ; for the 
dislike toward them arose from their supposed 
want of respect for the constituted authorities, and 
their refusal to take the oath of submission. A 
constitutional difficulty might also readily occur to 
any one, as it certainly did to the proprietary, who 
was bound l)y the charter to maintain the funda- 
mental principles of Anglo-Saxon law, which had 
always regarded the instrumentality of the oath in 
the administration of practical justice, as the cor- 
ner-stone of a system. But every disposition was 



64: TIIE DAY-STAE. 

manifested to render them comfortable. And tliej 
soon became a flonrisbing and influential denomi- 
nation. ISTotwitbstanding the imperfection wliich 
ever marks buman legislation, it is wonderful to 
tbink bow far our ancestors went in tbe marcli of 
religious freedom. Tbe earliest policy of Mary- 
land was in striking contrast witb tbat of every 
otber colony. Tbe toleration, wliicb prevailed 
from the first, and fifteen years later was formally 
ratified by tbe voice of tbe people, must, therefore, 
be regarded as tbe living embodiment of a great 
idea ; tbe introduction of a new element into tbe 
civilization of Anglo-American humanity ; tbe 
beginning of another movejnent in tbe progress of 
the buman mind.^ 

* Toleration, in the widest sense, or in the most strictly logical 
acceptation, exists only in a State founded upon naked atheism. 
The history of the whole of Western Christendom (I speak of 
Europe), for a period of many centuries, exhibits but the perpetual 
struggle between the Church and the State, arising from the some- 
times quiet, but always uniform tendency of the one to absorb the 
other. The conflict is illustrated in the most striking manner, by 
glancing at the jurisdiction constantly claimed and denied over the 
important institution of marriage. The interesting case of the 



LUMBROZO, THE JEW. 65 

Rev. Wm. Wilkinson (for Mormonism I am unwilling to touch), will 
be given from our records, in a further part of this volume. 

With regard to the Quakers, it may be proper to add, that, 
while I do not assert there never was a practical case of whipping, 
I can sincerely say 1 have never met with any. I am clearly of 
the opinion that some of our writers have indulged in very great 
exaggeration. As early as Fox's visit, many Quakers were here. 
The speaker of the Assembly attended his meeting. Judges of the 
county courts, wives of privy counsellors, and a large number of 
the most prominent colonists became his disciples. The general 
spirit of the proprietary's government cannot be mistaken. No 
principle in history is better settled. And I cannot, therefore, so 
easily or readily regard the case of the Quakers in the light of a 
practical anomaly. See Fox's Journal — a very interesting book — 
and the next chapter of this volume. 

y la the text, I have referred to Dr. Lumbrozo, the well-known 
Jew (for he seems to have observed no secrecy), who lived some 
time in Maryland, without rebuke from the government, in the 
usual exercise of his calling, and of the right to institute actions 
in the Civil Court. We cannot doubt he was also allowed the 
quiet enjoymi nt of his religion. But he was accused of blas- 
pliemy ; and although he fortunately escaped a trial, in conse- 
quence of the pardon accompanying the proclamation in favor 
of Richard, the son of the lord protector— a proclamation 
which was issued but a few days after the accusation — the 
case is one which was instituted under the Act of 1649 ; and 
I, therefore, give the proceeding as it occurs upon the Records 
of the Provincial Court, Lib. S. 1C58 to 1662, Judgments, pp. 
159-160 



66 THE DAY-STAK. 

"At a Provincial Court, held at St. Mary's on Wednesday, this 23d February, 
1658. 

"Present — Joslas Fendall, Esq., Governor ; Philip Calvert, Esq., Secretary; 
Mr. Robert Clarke ; Mr. Baker Brooke ; Dr. Luke Barber. 

" Was called afore the Board, Jacob Lumbrozo, and charged by his Lordsliip's 
Attorney for uttering words of blasphemy against our Blessed Saviour, Jesus 
Christ. 

" The deposition of John Hoflfsett, aged 4-t years, or thereabouts, sayeth this 
19th day of February, 1658 :— 

"That, about half a year since, this deponent being at ye house of Mr. 
Richard Preston, and there meeting with Jacob Lumbrozo, he, this deponent, 
and the said Lumbrozo falling into discourse concerning our Blessed Saviour, 
Christ, his resuri-ection, telling ye said Lumbrozo that he was more than man, 
as did appear by his resurrection. To which the said Lumbrozo answered, that 
his disciples stole him away. Then this deponent replied, yt no man ever did 
such miracles as he. To which ye said Lumbrozo answered, that such works 
might be done by necromancy or sorcery, or words to that purpose. And this 
deponent replied to ye said Lumbrozo, yt he supposed yt ye said Lumbrozo 
took Christ to be a necromancer. To which ye said Lumbrozo answered nothing, 
but laughed. And further this deponent sayeth not. 

" Jurat die et anno supradict. cor. me, 

" Henry Coursey. 

" I, Richard Preston, Jr., do testify yt, about June or July last past, coming 
from Thomas Thomas's, in company with Josias Cole and ye Jew Doctor, known 
by ye name of Jacob Lumbrozo, the said Josias Cole asked ye said Lumbrozo, 
whether ye Jews did look for a Messias ? And ye said Lumbrozo answered, j'-es. 
Then ye said Cole asked him, what He was that was crucified at Jerusalem ? 
And ye said Lumbrozo answered, He was a man. Then ys said Cole asked hira, 
how He did do all His miracles? And ye said Lumbrozo answered. He did 
them by ye Art Magic. Then ye said Cole asked him, how His disciples did do 
ye same miracles, after He was crucified ? And ye said Lumbrozo answered, 
that He tauglit them His art. And further saith not. 



LUMBEOZO. 67 

"This was declared before me, as in the presence of God, that it is true, this 
21st of February, 165S. Henry Cocrsey. 

" Tlie said Lumbrozo saith, that he had some talli with those persons, and 
willed by them to declare his opinion, and by his profession, a Jew, he answered 
to some particular demands then urged. And as to that of miracles done by 
art magic, he declared what remains written concerning Moses and ye Magi- 
cians of Egypt. But said not anything scoflSngly, or in derogation of Ilim 
Christians acknowledge for their Messias. 

" It is ordered, that ye said Lumbrozo remain in ye Sheriff's custody, until he 
put in security, body for body, to make answer to what shall be laid to his 
charge concerning those blasphemous words and speeches, at ye next Provin- 
cial Court; and yt the persons be then present to testify, viva voce, in Court. 

^^ Mittimus.— To ye SherifiF of St. Mary's County, according to the order 
Sujyradict." 

N.B.— The reader will observe, that Ri. Preston, a Quaker, simply declares. 



68 THE DAY-STAR. 



CHAPTEK YIII. 

The influence of the Legislation of 1649 upon the Colonization 
of Maryland — Arrival of Families — Foundation of Settle- 
ments. Erection of Counties. 

The liberal policy of Maryland could not fail to 
attract tlie attention of the otlier Anglo-American 
colonies. The Puritans upon the James and upon 
tlie Elizabeth, having, in consequence of their non- 
conformity^ been ordered to leave Yirginia, soon 
found an asylum here, and during the latter part 
of 1649, and the beginning of 1650, founded (under 
the patronage, it is supposed, of Governor Stone) 
several settlements at Greenberry's Point, and 
upon the Severn^ — the whole body consisting of 

^ It is generally believed that the first settlement of the Puri- 
tans was at the point where the city of Annapolis stands ; and that 
the foundation of that city was laid almost immediately after 
their arrival. I can only say, there is no recorded evidence 
within my knowledge, of the facts. The earliest settlement which 
I can discover (the one of 1649) was at Greenberry's Point, a 



GREENBERRY's point AKD the SEVERN. 



more than one hundred persons, distinguished not 
less for their intelligence than for the fervor of 
their religious feelings, and for the stubbornness of 
tlieir wills — destined, also, at no distant period, to 
take a very consj)icuous part in the aifairs of the 
province. One of them was the ancestor of the 
extinct Bennetts of Bennett's Point in Queen 
Anne's ;' the descent of the Lloyds of Wye House, 
is derived from a second ; ^ and a third was the 

peninsula of the Chesapeake, a little below the mouth of the 
Severn. My belief is, that Annapolis was not founded till many 
years later. But at Greenberry's Point a town was laid out the 
very first year of the settlement there ; and the tract running 
down to the point, and now in the possession of Capt. Taylor, was 
originally called Town Neck, as the history of the land-title will 
clearly show. See also my Historical Letter in the summer of 
1854, to Mr. Ch. Justice Le Grand, upon the files of the Baltimore 
American^ of the New York Churchman, and, if I mistake not, 
of other newspapers. 

^ Richard, whose tombstone is still preserved at Bennett's Point, 
the largest landholder of the province, and to whom tradition has 
uniformly given the prefix of *• Squire," was the grandson of the 
Richard, who, soon after the settlement at Greenberry's Point, 
returned to Virginia, and became the governor of that colony. 

' Edward, who came from Virginia, was many years a privy 
councillor of Maryland, but died at an advanced age, in the city 
of London. James, a descendant of the privy councillor, was the 



70 THE DAY-STAR. 

progenitor of the Marshes of Kent Island, now 
represented/ through a female line, by the For- 
mans of Rose Hill and of Clover Fields, and by 
several other distinguished families of the Eastern 
shore. Two of them, James Cox and George 
Puddington, represented Anne Arundel at St. 
Mary's, in the legislature of 1650 ; the former 
being elected the speaker of that assembly. And 
they both signed the celebrated Declaration setting 
forth the " fitting and convenient freedom " which 
Protestants enjoyed, in the "exercise," of their 
religion, under the government of the Roman 
Catholic proprietary.'* The name of the Puritan 
-speaker is the very first upon the list of signers. 

ancestor of the- family of Nichols, now residing at Derby, in Kent 
county. The Tilghmans also are descendants, through another 
female line, of the Hon. Edw. Lloyd, the emigrant. 

^ Capt. Marsh, of Kent Island, with a residence also at Chester- 
town, and the fourth in the direct line from the Hon. Thomas 
Marsh inclusive, died, at an advanced age, during the early stage 
of the American Revolution. Each generation was represented 
by one gentleman only ; and they all bore the name of Thomas, 
still perpetuated in the Rose Hill branch. The captain was the 
last of the male line The first Thomas held a seat in the council. 

' In Langford's " Refutation " of Leonard Strong's " Babylon's 



SOUTH EIVER. 



71 



The settlement also upon South Elver was an 
interesting one. It was founded in 1650 ; and con- 
sisted chiefly of Puritans of a milder type than 

Fall," and in Bozman's Maryland (see vol. 2, pp. 672-673), we 
have this important document. 

DECLARATION. 

" The declaration and certificate of William Stone, Esquire, lieutenant of the 
Province of Maryland, by commission from the right honorable the Lord Bal- 
timore, Lord Proprietary thereof, and of Captain John Price, Mr. Thomas 
Hatton, and Captain Robert Vaughan, of his .said Lordship's Council there, and 
of divers of the Burgesses now met in the Assembly there, and other Protes- 
tant inhabitants of the said Province, made the 17th day of April, Anno Dom., 
one thousand, six hundred and fifty. 

"TVe the said Lieutenant, Council, Burgesses, and other Protestant inhabi- 
tants above mentioned, whose names are hereunto subscribed, do declare and 
certify to all persons whom it may concern. That, according to an act of 
Assembly here, and several other strict injunctions and declarations by his 
said Lordship for that purpose made and provided, we do here enjoy all fitting 
and convenient freedom and liberty in the exercise of our religion, under his 
Lordship's government and interest; And that none of us are anyways troubled 
or molested, for or by reason thereof, within his Lordship's said province. 



James Cox, 
Tho. Steerman, 
John Hatche, 
George Puddington, 
Robert Robines, 
Walter Bain, 
William Brough, 
Franoia Poesy. 
♦William Durand 
Anthony Rawlina 
Thomas Maydwell 



y^urgesiea. 



William Stone, Governor. 
Jo. Price, '\ 

Robert Vaughan, ^ Council. 
Tho. Hatton, ) 

J^ole.—Th&t James Cox and George 
Puddington were then Burgesses for the 
people at Ann Arundell. 

* ^ote.— That this Is the aamo man 
who attests Mr. Strong's pamphlet be- 
fore mentioned, 



72 



THE DAY-STAR. 



those upon the Severn, and of Anglo-Catholies 
from England. One of the most prominent colonists 
upon this river was the Hon. Wm. Burgess, who 
bore the arms ' of the family at Truro, in Cornwall 
((?r, a fesse chequy^ or and gules^ in chief three 
crosses-crosslet-Jltchee of the last), but sustained a 
very near relationship to the Burgesses of Marl- 
borough in "Wilts, and whose daughter was the 



Marke Bloomfield 
Thomas Bushell 
William Hungei'ford 
William Stumpson 
Thomas Dinyard 
John Grinsdith 
William Edwin 
Richard Browne 
William Pell 
William Warren 
Edward Williams 
Raph Beane 
John Slingsby 
James Morphen 
Francis Martin 
John Walker 
Stanhop Roberts 
William Browne 
John Halfehead 
William Hardwick 

* An impression from his 



Elias Beech 
George Sawyer 
William Edia 
John Gage 
Robert Ward 
William Marshall 
Richard Smith 
Arthur Turner 
William Hawley 
William Smoot 
John Sturman 
John Nichols 
Hugh Crage 
George Whitacre 
Daniel Clocker 
John Perin 
Patrick Forrest 
George Beckwlth 
Thomas Warr 
Walter Waterling ." 

seal is still preserved. 



y 



SETTLEMENT UPON SOUTH RIYER. 73 

wife of Lord Cbas. Baltimore's step-son. About 
1680, he founded the once little flourishing, but 
now extinct, town of London. From this town's 
successful rivalship with Annapolis, during the first 
few years; from the antiquity of the South River 
Club (the oldest probably on the continent) ; and 
from the superior style of the monumental inscrip- 
tions at the parish church and upon the planta- 
tions ; I infer, the settlement, in point of intellec- 
tual culture and refinement, upon this river, was 
in advance of the one upon the other. Of all the 
provincial governors, whose tombstones are pre- 
served, or I have been fortunate enough, at least, to 
find. Col. Burgess is the one whose epitaph is the 
oldest ' 

» EPITAPH. 
Here lyeth ye body of "W. Surges, 
Esq., who departed this life on ye 

24 day of Janu., 1686 ; 
Aged about 64 years ; leaving his 
Dear beloved wife Ursula, and eleven 
Children ; viz. seven sons and four daughters, 
And eight grand children. 

In his life-time, he was a Member of 
His Lordship's Council of State : one 
4 



74 



THE DAY-STAK. 



Twenty miles from the mouth of the Patuxent, 
during the same year (1650), a Protestant settlement 
(probably Anglo-Catholic) was founded by Kobert 
Brooke, from England; consisting originally of 
forty persons — their names are still preserved' — 



Of his Lordship's Deputy-Governors 5 

A Justice of ye High Provincial Court ; 

Colon, of a regiment of ye Trained Bands ; 

And sometimes General* of all ye 

Military Forces of this Province. 

His loving wife Ursula, his Executrix, 

In testimony of her true respect, 

And due regard to the worthy 

Deserts of her dear deceased 

Husband, hath erected this Monument. 
' '•' The names of people come out of England, and arrived in 
Maryland, June 30, 1C50, at the cost and charge of Robert 
Brooke, Esq. 

Robt. Brooke Thomas Brooke 

Mary his wife ; Charles Brooke 

His children Roger Brooke 

Baker Brooke Robt. Brooke 



John Brook- 
Wm. Brooke 
Francis Brooke 
Mary Brooke 
Anna Brooke. 



Marke Lovely 
Marke King 



en-Seryants 
Wm. Bradney 
Phil. Harwood 



Rich. Robinson. 
Anthony Kitchin 



SETTLEMENT UPON THE PATUXENT. 



75 



and including his own very large family, now 
represented by the Brookes of Brooke-Grove in 
Montgomery, and by a vast number of descendants 
in Prince George's, and in other counties of the 
western shore. One of his representatives, through 
a female line, is Eoger Brooke Taney, the present 
chief justice of the United States. The settlement 
was erected into a county, under the name of 
Charles ; and one of Mr. Brooke's sons created 
lord of the manor, ^ which formed the chief seat 
of the little colony. Under a commission from 
the proprietary, Mr, Brooke was the first com- 
mander of the county. He also held a seat in the 



Wm. Jones 
John Clifford 
James Leigh 
Benjamin Hammond 
Robt. Sheale 



Thos. Joyce 
Kenry Peere 
Thomas Elstone 
Edward Cooke 
Ambrose Brie:jjs 



Robt. Hooper 
Wm. Hinson 
John Boocock 
David Brown ] 
Henry Robinson. 



Maid-Servaxts. 



Anne Marshall 
Katherine Fisher 
Elizabeth Williamson 
Margaritc Watts. 



Abigael Mountague 
Eleanor Williams 
Agnes Neale 

Forty persons. 



Land Records, Lib. No. I. pp. 165, 166. 
The name of the manor was Be la Brooke. 



76 THE DAY-STAE. 

privy council ; and, at a little later period, but 
during the ascendency of the Puritans, was elevated 
to the post of president — an office analogous to that 
of lieutenant-general, or governor. 

The mild and gentle Friend also came-— 
■unkindly treated, it is said, at first — the rea- 
sons have been suggested— but in due course 
of time, much better understood, and saving a 
single exception (the one relating to the oath'), 
made joyful and happy, in a religious and in 
every other particular. Fox, himself, appeared — 
the chief of the Quakers — a great reformer — 
a man of rude, but powerful eloquence, and 
whose fame had preceded his mission to the 
'New World — travelling with an energy almost 
incredible over various parts of the continent, 
through forests and thickets, through deep marshes 
and dangerous bogs — crossing rivers and bays in 
caribes — and sleeping in the open woods by a fire 
— preaching at the cliffs of the Patuxent, and upon 
the banks of the Severn, upon the Choptank and 

* Even from the statements and few extracts in Kidgely's excel- 
lent Annals, it is quite evident, that the constitutional question 
(ante, p. 63) was mooted, at an early day. 



THE QUAKERS. 77 

elsewhere, to Indians and crowds of colonists^ — • 
speaking before aboriginal kings, and leading 
emigrants from tlie old world — giving utterance to 
the Spirit, in words of fire and with all the appa- 
rent life of an apostle — thus promoting the growth 
of a denomination whicli soon absorbed a large 
number of the Puritans,"^ and embraced many of 
the most respectable and some of the most distin- 
guished families of the province. In 1672, exclu- 
sive of Fox, there w^ere at least seven ministers of 
the Society of Friends in Maryland ! The names 
are all of them still known.^ 

^ 5 ox's " Journal.'' 

^ The cliffs of Calvert, the banks of West River, and the Chop- 
tank, were, it seems, the early rallying-points of this denomination. 
And while some of the Puritans sympathized with Episcopacy, a 
large number embraced the faith of the great preacher. The 
Prestons, the Sharpes, the Thomases, and many others, might be 
cited. The Pichardsons also of West River — originally, it is 
supposed, of the Puritan type — became prominent Quakers ; and 
the prevalence of Fox's doctrines is evident from the preservation 
of the wills (to omit other proof) containing contributions to the 
fund for the support of the body, and bearing the strongly-marked 
phraseology, for which the Friends have always been noted. 

^ An island of the Chesapeake, near the mouth of the Choptank 
perpetuates the name of a well-known Quaker. It was originally 



78 THE DAY-STAK. 

Flying from discontent, from tm'moil, and 
misery, some of tlie Swedes^ and of the Dutch, 

called Clayborne's. For there the founder of the Kent Island 
colony, we may presume, established a trading-post, lilie the one 
upon Palmer's, now Watson's ; or perhaps planted a small settle- 
ment, as he also did, as early as 1636, through the agency of his 
"cousin," Ri. Thompson, upon Poplar, still nearer Kent Island. 
But Sharpe's Island was held by Doct. Peter Sharpe, for some 
time before 1672, or the year of Fox's appearance. " I give," 
says the Doctor (see his will of 1672, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, 
p. 496), " to Friends in ye ministry, viz. Alice Gary, William Cole, 
and Sarah Mash " (intended doubtless for Mrs. Marsh, the widow 
of the Hon. Thos. Marsh), '* if then in being 5 Winlock Christeson 
and his wife ; John Burnett, and Daniel Gould ; in money or 
goods, at the choice of my executors, forty shillings' worth 
apiece ; also for a perpetual standing, a horse, for the use of 
Friends in ye ministry, and to be placed at the conveftient place 
for their use." There is also other evidence in the will, that Doct. 
Sharpe was a Friend. But writers as respectable as Kilty (see 
" Land-holder's-Assistant," p. 88) are so horror-struck at the 
''indignities" with which the " strangers" were treated, that they 
do not even admit the probability, that the testator of 1G72 was a 
disciple of Fox. Nor are they in the least aware of the early and 
extensive spread of the Quakers in Maryland. 

^ The settlement and subsequent fate of the Swedes suggest a 
subject for one of the saddest, yet sweetest chapters, in the history 
of American colonization. Planted upon the Delaware, under the 
auspices of a crown distinguished for its noble qualities ; but 
overlaid, if not crushed, in the infancy of the colony, by the supe- 



THE SWEDES AND DUTCH. 79 

wlio had founded the respective settlements upon 
the Delaware, received a glad and joyful welcome. 

rior numbers, first of the Dutch, and thea of the English ; they 
still retained, in the midst of all their reverses, the fond remem- 
brance of their native land ; and cherished, wfth a gentle but 
glowing love, the faith and traditions of their original ancestry. 
Eight generations also have lingered around the gravestone and 
the hearth of their early American forefathers ; nor have they yet 
lost those elements so characteristic of their race, and which, in spite 
of so much that is mean in every age, have imparted such real 
dignity to human nature. But some of them wandered off, at the 
period of their severest sufferings, and three were upon Kent 
Island about 1665. There also did Valerius Leo and Andrew 
Hanson find their early grave. The heart of Major Joseph 
Wickes was touched at the lonely condition of Hanse, the orphan 
of Mr. Hanson ; and to the young Swede he was, it seems, a 
father. The child became a man. He rose to a high official rank, 
and held the most honorable posts in Kent County. Upon the 
seal of Col. Hanse Hanson's near descendant, is preserved a 
coat of arms, consisting of four lilies, with something strongly 
resembling a cross ; and there are representatives of his family now 
living in Maryland. One of his descendants was the late Mrs. 
Doct. Wroth, of Chestertown. 

The number of the Dutch refugees was larger than that of the 
Swedish ; including the governor, Alexander Diniossa, and his 
children, originally from Gilderland. He lived sometime upon an 
island of the Chesapeake, then called " Foster's ;'' but subse- 
quently, it seems, upon the western shore. And the last glimps : 
I obtain is in Prince George's county, where his family dwindled 



80 THE DAT-STAR. 

They lived and died among us. Their blood, for 
many generations, has been mingled with that of 
the other colonists. And from them have sprung 
some of the most patriotic sons of Maryland. 

In 1660, a small colony from the mouth of the 
Hudson was founded upon the Bohemia Kiver, by 
Augustine Herman, a very remarkable man.^ A 
manor also of the same name, still a well-known 
locality, was erected in consideration of the highly 
meritorious services ' he had rendered the proprie- 
tary. And he has descendants tlirough various 
female lines who now do honor to the State. 

down into a state either of extreme misfortune or of great 
obscurity. 

* Honorably connected with the early diplomatic histories both 
of New York and of Maryland. See Albany Records ; and his 
embassy to Maryland, Bancroft. See also Brodhead. It is due to 
the memory of Herman to add, that he derived a title to the land 
upon the Bohemia, not only from the proprietary, a suflBcienfc 
BGCurity, but also from the Indians. The consideration is given in 
one of his journals preserved in the Land Office, at Annapolis. A 
copy is also in the possession of Col. Spencer's family. 

* The preparation of a map of Maryland and Virginia — a work, 
at that time, of great labor— and the best, in the opinion of the 
English Crown, which had appeared — but a great curiosity, no 
doubt, at present — and a good illustration of the imperfect state 



ENGLISH AND WELSH. 81 

The tidings went also to the Old World. Glad- 
dened with the prospect of religions liberty, and 
invited by a policy so liberal in all other respects, 
strangers arrived from England^ and from Wales ;' 

of geographical knowledge at the date of its publication. I have 
never seen it ; but presume it is still extant. 

I have been informed that the Oldhams, the Bayards, the 
Maclanes, and other families, claim a descent from the proud 
Bohemian. But the only ones coming within the proof to which I 
have had access are those of Thompson, Forman, Chambers, 
Spencer, and their various branches. Within, or near the Manor, 
was a small community, which held the principles of Labady ; 
including the one which abolishes private property, by a sur- 
render of every thing to the common stock. One of Herman's 
sons embraced the faith of that visionary French divine— a source 
of real grief to the lord of the manor during his latter years — and 
the occasion which demanded a codicil, in which he tied up the 
title to his large possessions. 

^ In Appendix, No. 1, I shall notice the arrival of the families 
of Burgess, Ringgold, Hynson, Dunn, Wickes, Leeds, Stone, Carroll, 
Faca, Chase, Pearce, Pratt, Chambers, Goldsborough, Tilghman, 
Hawkins, Thompson, Wroth, Sewall, Sprigg, Taney, Tyler, Lowe, 
Claggett, Addison, Dorsey, and of Darnall. Most of them were 
Protestants. They furnish some of the best representatives of the 
early provincial gentry of Maryland. And they nearly all held 
some post of honor, under the dominion of the first and of the 
second proprietary. 

^ The Lloyds, the Thomases, the Snowdons, the Richardson?, the 
4* 



82 THE DAT-STAR. 

from Scotland ' and from Ireland ; from the domi- 
nions of tlie kings of France and of Spain ; from 

Shipleys, and many other families, came, it is supposed, from the 
Principality. The Severn and the Vfje, upon which the Hon. 
Edward Lloyd resided, were no doubt named after the rivers of 
Wales, in honor of his native land. 

The Thomases, it is said, first lived upon Kent Island ; but 
according to the earliest recorded information I have been able 
to obtain, they resided in Anne Arundel, near Thomas's Point, 
about 16»5. Philip, the emigrant, was a privy councillor, and 
many of his descendants held high public positions, including 
Phil. Evan Thomas, now living at a very advanced age, the 
projector and first president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 
Upon a gold-headed cane, handed down from an early genera- 
tion, I have seen the arms borne by a well-known family of Wales, 
a branch of which once existed near Swansea and Bristol. 

The Snowdens arrived about 1660. They were the ancestors of 
the large family living in Prince George's and in other counties. 

The Richardsons resided many generations upon West River. 
They came, probably, about 1665. There is a branch at Eutaw- 
Place, near the Monocacy. 

The Shipleys, a family of planters in Anne Arundel, and sub- 
sequently in several other counties, arrived, I am inclined to 
think, at a period but little later. One branch of this family is at 
Enfield Chase. 

^ The settlement, near the site of Washington city, long before 
the erection of Prince George's, but which subsequently formed 
a hundred of that county, bore the name of JVeiv Scotland. 



SCOTLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 83 

the States of Holland, and from various parts of 
Germany; from Sweed-land, the country of the 

And two of the largest families of Maryland — the Magruders and 
the Beales — undoubtedly came from Scotland. So, also, it seems, 
did the Bowies, the Edmonstones, and other families. The Magru- 
ders arrived about 1655. One of their earliest seats was upon the 
western branch of the Patuxent. Alexander, the emigrant, died 
about 1680, leaving his children, Alexander, Nathaniel, James, 
John, Samuel, and Elizabeth. The Beales, I think, came some 
time after the Magruders. Col. Ninian Beale is the earliest I 
remember. The Bowies (ancestors of the governor) and the 
Edmonstones, did not arrive, it would appear, before the Protestant 
Revolution. Archibald, the progenitor of the latter, is the first^ 
representative of whom I have any knowledge ; and a relation, it 
is supposed, to the family of Sir Archibald Edmonstone, of Scot- 
land. He was the progenitor of the Edmonstones, near Bladens- 
burg, one of whom was a leading provincial judge of Prince 
George's County Court ; and the ancestor, through a female line, 
of the Lachlans of Montgomery, but now in the State of Missouri ; 
and of the wife and children of Gov. Hempstead, of Iowa. 

A few only of a high social rank arrived from Ireland. I 
remember no prominent ones, excepting the De Courcys, who, 
it is supposed, emigrated from that country. Cheston, their 
present family seat, has been held for a period of nearly two 
hundred years. It is difficult to say, with certainty, at what 
time, or from what country, the Worthingtons came. John, 
of Anne Arundel County, who died about 1700. and who, it 
appears, was the first of the Maryland line, gave his home planta- 



84 THE DAY-STAR. 

great Gastavus, the champion of Protestant Chris- 
tendom ; and from the very heart of the kingdom 
of Bohemia, the land of Jerome and of Huss. 
The pious emigrant of every name, who believed 

tion upon the Severn, to his son, John ; " Greenberry's Forest" to 
Thomas ; and to William, " Howard's Inheritance," with two other 
tracts, the one near " Mr. Richard Beard's Mill," the other at 
"The Fresh Pond, in the Bodkin Creek of Patapsco River." 

The Causins, of Causiu's Manor ; the Jarbos, of St. Mary's ; the 
Lamars, of Prince George's and other counties (one of whom was 
a gallant officer of the American revolutionary army) ; the 
Du Yalles, of Anne Arundel, ancestors of a judge of the United 
States Supreme Court ; the Brashaers, of Anne Arundel and of 
Prince George's, represented also by the late Doct. Brashaer, of 
New Market, Frederick county ; and the Lacounts, of the eastern 
shore, ancestors of the chief justice of Kansas ; are some of our 
oldest French families. There is also but little doubt that the 
Ricauds of Kent, represented by the Hon. Jas. B. Ricaud, came 
also, originally, if not directly, from France. Colonel Jarbo, and 
the ancestor of the Hon Jno. M. S. Causin, arrived before the year 
1649 ; the Ricauds, about 1650 ; and the Brashaers (directly from 
Virginia) at a period not much later. They all arrived before the 
Protestant Revolution of 1689. There is the strongest presump- 
tion that the Contees (about the time of their arrival closely 
connected with the family of Gov. Seymour, and lately represented 
by the gallant John Contee, of Java) came also, originally, from 
France ; though there is evidence of the fact, that they had lived 
at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, as did some of the most distinguished 



KMTG RANTS FROM MANY LANDS. 85 

only in Chkist, could securely sit under his own 
vine or bower, or still more unpretending roof; 
and the weeping penitent at his rude altar or hum- 
ble hearth-stone, might offer up his confession and 
his jDrayer. To the children of sorrow and to the 
victims of persecution, to men of various races, of 
divers languages, and of many religions, the voice 

Huguenots in other parts of England before their emigration to 
other countries. The arrival, however, of the Contees in Mary- 
land was late. I doubt if it was before the year 1690. 

Four of Capt. James Neal's children were born within the I 
Spanish or Portuguese dominions, and subsequently naturalized ' 
by an Act of our Assembly, So also were Anthony Brispoe, 
Barbara de Barette, and probably other emigrants. See Liber, 
" Laws, C. & W. H., 1638 to 1678." 

A large number came from Holland and Germany, including 
the families of ''Comegyes"' and Lockerraan. See last-named 
liber, where also I have obtained the birth-place of many alien 
emigrants. 

Axell Still, John Elexon, Oliver Colke, Marcus Syserson, Jeffrey 
Jacobson, Mounts Anderson, Cornelius Peterson, and Andrew 
Clements, may be named among those who were born in Sweden. 

Augustine Herman, the founder and original lord of Bohemia 
Manor, was born at the city of Prague. Manhattan, now New 
York, was the birth-place of most of his children. See Liber, 
♦• Laws, C. & W. H., 1638 to 1678," p. 158. His wife also waa 
probably born at Prague. 



86 THE DAY-STAK. 

of our early legislators was like the " sound" from 
a better world — like a second evangely from the 
skies ! For they spoke, " every " one in his " own 
tongue,'' " the wonderful works of God." 

I have attempted to trace the birth and early 
growth of our religious liberty, under its succes- 
sive phases ; showing the harmony between the 
proprietary and the planters ; explaining the legis- 
lation of the provincial Assembly according to the 
rights and obligations springing out of the charter; 
and sketching the effects of so liberal a system 
upon the colonization of Maryland. Without refe- 
rence to the credit due either to the Roman 
Catholic or to the Protestant Assemblymen of 
1649, it is but proper to add, what will be denied 
by no one at all familiar with the colonial records, 
tliat the legislative policy so honorable to our 
ancestors and so beneficial in its influence, under- 
went no material change, except a few years later, 
at the short period of the ascendency of the 
Puritans ; and in 1689, at the complete overthrow 
of the proprietary's government — an event which 
resulted in the establishment of the Anglican 
church, and in the persecution of the Eoman 
Catholics. 



RETOLTJTION OF 1689. 87 

The history of the Protestant revolution in 1689 
has never yet been fully written. But there is 
evidence upon the records of the English govern- 
ment to show it was the result of a panic, produced 
by one of the most dishonorable falsehoods^ which 

^ The following documents are taken from the English State 
Paper Office. As specimens of the spelling, of the method of 
abbreviation, and of the punctuation, nearly two hundred years 
ago, the first five are printed in a style which resembles the copies 
sent me : 

REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS TO THE INDIANS 

23 August, 1689. 
S. P. 0. 
B. T. Maryland, 
Vol. 1,B.D. 251. 

August ye 23«Z, '80. 

These may acquaint yo'^, that we whose names are underwritten 
have, according to request, bin and treated with y« Indians, and 
doe find 'em to be very civill and kind, and desire nothing butt 
peace and quiettness, butt y' in part thorough y« instigation of 
bad people, and chiefly doe instance Andrew Gray, that y" 
English in one raoone would cutt them all of; likewise, con- 
cerning an Indian woman, w<='» they say was kill'd by Cornelius 
Mulraine's wife, w*=i» they have expected some satisfactory answer, 
concerning which as yett they have not received. Also, y' y* s<* 
Cornelius since their departure ofifer'd great abuse in robbing 
them of their cannous,corn, matts, bowles, and basketts, and they 
say their chests have been broke open, and since they have bin 
gone out, y« s'J Gray hath bin with 'em and threatned them if they 



88 THE DAY-STAPw 

lias ever disgraced any religious or any political 
party — by the story, in a few words, tliat the 

Kould not come home, he would gett a party of men and fetch 
'era ^ force. Likewise they say they have ten Indians w'=^ went 
between Oxford towne and Coll. Lowe's, and that their time of 
return is relapsed, and are not satisfyed what is become of 'em. 
Whereof all these things being computed together, hath seized 
them with feare, butt that they were very joyfull att our come- 
ing and were takeing up their goods to return to their 
habitations. 

John Stanley Wm. Dickenson 
John Hawkins Wm. Stevens '' 
Clement Sales. Wm. Bealey. 

This is y« copy of the answer sent to the 
Burgesses from y* Indians. 

The next discloses the nature of the charge against the Roman 
Catholic governors : 

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF SECRECY. 

Rec'd. 31 Dec. 1689. 
S. P. o. 
B. T. 

Vol. 

The Committee of Secrecy appointed by this present 
Assembly, the Representative Body of this Province 
doe make their Report as followeth, viz*. 
Wee have diligently faithfully and with all due circumspec- 
tion made inquisition into the severall affaires and concernes 
committed to our care, for discovering of the truth thereof, and 



i. P. O. ^ 

Maryland, v 
1,B.D.5. ) 



REVOLUTION OF 1689. 89 

Roman Catholics had formed a conspiracy with 
the Indians, to massacre the Protestants ! The 

we find, First, that the late Popish Governo" have contrived con- 
spired and designed by severall villanous practices and machina- 
tions, to betray their Maj''«' Protestant subjects, of this Province, 
to the French, Northern, and other Indians ; and that there hath 
been and still is eminent danger of our lives libertyes and 
estates, by the malitious endeavo" and combinations of the said 
Governo" with the Indians and Papists to assist in our destruc- 
tion and the subversion of our Religion. And wee also find by 
the informations, examinations evidences and depositions by ua 
taken, that the late Governo" did prorogue and obstruct the last 
Assembly from meeting, least the truth of their unjust con- 
trivances and wicked designes should be made manifest. 

And wee the Committee aforesaid doe also discover and appa- 
rently find the trayterous undertakings of the said Governours in 
their Renunciation disowning and denying the right title and 
Soveraignty of King William and Queen Mary to the Crowne of 
England and its Dominions. 

The verity of the above particulars is to be further proved by 
other numerous circumstances and evidences that are now in the 
custody of the said Committee, for their Maj''«>» service. 

Read approved of and ordered to be entered in the Journall 
of the House of Assembly. 



{Memorandum on the back.) 
Memorandum, notwithstanding the Country have 
often desired a proofe of the accusations this 



90 THE DAY-STAR. 

testimony comes from tlie most respectable sources 
— not only from the members of the Church of 

Comittee charged upon some of y" Lord Pro- 
prietaryes Dep'y^', yet the same could never be 
obtained, or was any wayes made appear. 

{Indorsed.) 
" Report of the Comittee of Secrecy, 

touching the late Governm*. Copy. 
" Rcc^ fro ye L"^ Baltemore, 31 Dec. 

1689." 

Voted in Assembly, 28 Aug., 1689. 

I beg to invite especial attention to the narrative of Mrs. 
Smith : 



.5. P. 0. \ 
T. Mayyland > 
l.\. B.D.ll.) 



NARRATIVE OF MRS. BARBARA SMITH. 

30 Dec. 1689. 
S.P. 
B. T. 

Vol. 

The Narrative of Barbara wife of Richard Smith of 
Puttuxent River in Calvert County in the Province 
of Maryland. 

Upon the 25 th of March last a rumour was spread abroad about 
the mouth of Puttuxent River, that ten thousand Indians were 
come down to the Western branch of the said river. "Whereupon 
my husband went up to the said Western branch, where he found 
Doe Indians, but there a strong report that nine thousand were at 
Matapany, and at the Mouth of Puttuxent, and that they had cutt 
off" Capt. Bournes family, and had inforted themselves at Mata- 



REVOLUTION OF 1689. 91 

Rome, but also from many of the most prominent 
Protestants of the province ; inchiding the Honor- 

pany, ; which was all false. Upon these rumours the country 
rose in amies, but after diligent search and inquiry in all parts of 
the Province, this rumour was found to be only a sham, and noe 
Indians any where appeared to disturb or molest any the people 
of our Province. All which reports I doe verily beleeve were 
designedly spread abroad to incite the people to rise in armes as 
afterwards by the like sham they were induced to doe. For in 
the latter end of July following one Capt. Code, Coll. Jowles, 
Maj"" Beal, Mr. Blakiston, with some others appeared in armes, and 
gave for their pretence that the Papists had invited the Northern 
Indians to come down and cut off the Protestants, and that their 
descent was to be about the latter end of August when Roasting 
Eares were in season, & that they therefore rose in armes to 
secure the Magazine of Armes and Amunition and the Protestants 
from being cut off by the said Indians and Papists. This was their 
pretence to those they found very apprehensive of the said 
Indians ; to others they .said their designe was only to proclaim 
the King and Queen ; but when the aforesaid persons with some 
others had gathered together a great number of People together, 
they then came and seized upon the Government, who withstood 
them first at St. Maryes in the State House where the Records are 
kept, whom the said Code and his party soon overcame and 
seized upon the Records, from thence he proceeded with his party 
to Matapany House wherein Coll. Darnall with some forces, as 
many Protestants as Papists, had garisoned themselves, but were 
soon forced to capitulate surrender and yield to the said Code 
and his party. They haveing thus possessed themselves of the 
governm', one Johnson master of a ship being bound for England, 
they gave him charge he should carry noe letters but what was 
Beat from themselves, & my husband they arrested and put in 



92 THE DAY-STAE. 

able Thomas Smyth, the ancestor of the Smyths 
of Trum^^ington, subsequently of Chestertown ; 

prison for fear he should goe for England with the said Johnson 
to give an accompt of their proceedings, and as soon as the said 
Johnson was gone they released him again. The said Cole and 
his complices then sent out letters to all the Countyes of the Pro- 
vince to choose an Assembly. What was done in the rest of the 
Countyes besides Calvert and Ann Arrundell I am not acquainted 
with, but when the s^ letters for the chooseing of Burgesses came 
to our Sheriff to sumon the people for that purpose, he refused the 
same. They then went to Mr. Clegatt, Corroner, and he alsoe 
refused (who are both Protestants). Whereupon Coll. Jowles rode 
about to give the people notice himself. When the County were 
come together most of the Housekeepers agreed not to choose any 
Burgesses, and drew up an abhorrence against such proceedings ; 
y^ which election was alsoe much opposed by our Sheriff. Where- 
upon Coll. Jowles gathered his souldiers and caused the election 
to be made by the number he had, which was not above twenty, 
and of them not above ten that were capable of electing. Coll. 
v/ Jowles himself and Maj"* Beal his next officer were returned for two 
of the Burgesses elected, and because Mr. Taney, the Sheriff, & 
my husband endeavoured to oppose the said Election, the said 
Code caused them to be put in Prison. Neither for this Election 
nor in their cause did almost any of our county appear that were 
men of estates or men of note, but they to the contrary pub- 
lished an abhorrence against such proceedings, and were them- 
selves, as are most of our County, Protestants. The County of 
Ann Arrundell, which is accounted the most populous and richest 
of the whole Province, and wherein is but one Papist family, 
unanimously stood out, and would not elect any Burgesses. 
About the 21st of August the Assembly of their calling met, before 
whom was brought Mr. Taney our Sheriff and my husband ; and 



THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION. 93 

from Major Joseph WickeSj at one time chief jus- 
tice of the County Court, and many years a 

Capt. Code and his complices haveing pretended they had the 
Kings Proclaraa" for what they did, my husband demanded to see 
the same ; but their answer was, take him away, Sheriff. Mr. 
Taney likewise asking them by what authority he was called 
before them, Code answered What, this is like King Charles, and 
you are King Taney,take him away. Notwithstanding upon the 
said Code's riseing as before is said, their pretence was cheifly to 
secure the Country against the Indians, yet all this while nor 
untill my comeing away which was the 26th "of September last, 
there was not the least appearance of any forreign or home 
Indians comeing to disturb us. What was their further proceed- 
ings in their Assembly I am not able to give any acco' of, but Mr. 
Taney and my husband were detained prisoner at my comeing 
away. 

^Signed) Barbara Smith. 

Dated in London, the 30/^ of December, 1G89. 

(Indorsed) " Mrs. Smith's Narrative of 

the troubles in Maryland." 

The testimony from the Protestant county of Kent is exceed- 
ingly valuable : 

ADDRESS OF PROTESTANTS OF KENT COUNTY. 
November, 1689. 



S. P. 0. ^ 

'. T. Maryland, v 
rol.\,B.D.A\. ) 



B. 

Vol 



To THE King's Most Excellent Majestie : — 

Wee your Majesties most loyall and dutyfuU subjects the ancient 
Protestant Inhabitants of Kent County in your Maj''*» Province 
of Maryland, who have here enjoyed many halcyon dnyes under 



94 THE DAY-STAR. 

distinguished representative of Kent; from tlie 
Honorable Henry De Coiircy (then written Cour- 

the imediate Governm' of Charles Lord Barou of Balteraore and 
his hon''i« !Father, absolute Lords Proprietaries of y« said Province 
by charter of your Royall Progenitors, wherein our Rights and 
Freedoms are so interwoven with his Lordships prerogative, that 
wee have allwaies had y^ same liberties and priviledges secured 
to us, as other your Majt'^s subjects in the Kingdome of England. 
And wee againe by vertue of the said Charter (as it enjoyned us) 
have alwayes paid our obedience to the said Lord Baltemore and 
his hon^'« Father, by whom equally and indifferently were justice, 
favour, authority & preferment administered, bestowed con- 
ferred and given to and upon your Maj^'^s subjects of all perswa- 
sions : Doe in prostrate and humble manner testifie to your 
Ma"* that we abhorr & detest y« falsehood and unfaithfuUness 
of John Coade and others his Associates and Agents, who first by 
dispersing untrue reports of prodigious armies of Indians and 
French Papists invadeing us, did stirr up unjust jealousies and 
dismall apprehensions in y* less cautious sort of people of this 
Province, and then haveing thereby created unnecessary feares 
& disposed y« people to mutiny and tumult, made further insur- 
rection, and extorted the lawfull governm' from the Lord Pro- 
priety, who was alwayes as ready to redress our aggrievances as 
wee to complaine. And now the said John Coade and his accom- 
plices haveing assumed the Government upon themselves, and 
procured a Convention to be tumultuously assembled, did tyran- 
nically imprison, restrain and turn out of civill and military 
Comission severall of your Maj^'^s good subjects of unquestion- 
able loyalty and affection to the Church of England, who 
approved nott of his actions, and who might justly by your 
Maj''^^ proclamation have continued in authority, and done your 
Maj''« good service. And those Delegates in that manner con- 



THE PKOTESTANT REVOLUTION. 95 

sey\ a descendant, it is strongly presumed, of an 
illustrious Anglo-^Norman family, and a perfect 

vened, (being part or most of them factious persons of no com- 
endable life and conversation) have arbitrarily decreed and 
ordained many things to the inconvenience of your Majesties 
people, placed the Militia of severall Counties in the hands of 
unworthy and infamous persons ; and the better to make their 
decrees to be observed, many of the said Delegates have procured 
themselves to be putt in judiciall places, to the terror of your 
Maj''e* more peaceable subjects. From the. dangers and apprehen- 
sions whereof, Wee your Majesties most loyall, duty full, and Pro- 
testant subjects, in these our Addresses humbly crave by your 
Princely care and prudence to be freed and enlarged, and that 
the Government together with your Maj''"* favour and a lasting 
settlement may be again restored to the Rt. Hon'''« Lord Balte- 
more, which will make him and us happy, and give us new occa- 
sion to bless God, and pray for your Maj''«« life and happy reign. 

(Signed) Wm. Frisby, Henry Coursey, 

Griflath Jones, Josh. Wickes, 

Robert Burman, Jno. Hynson, 

Philemon Hemsley, George Sturton, 

Simon Wilmer, Lambart Wilmer, 

William Peckett, Gerrardus Wessels, 

Josias Lanham, Richard Jones, 

Thomas Ringgold, Philip Conner. 

Tho. Smyth, 

{Indorsed) 

" Kent County in the Province of Maryland. 

Address to His Maj'y." 

N.B.— There are several other addresses from various Counties, 

with numerous signatures. 

R. L. 



96 THE DAY-STAR. 

master of the whole aboriginal diplomacy of that 
period ; from Michael Taney, the high sheriff of 



Col. Darnall was a Roman Catholic. But he surely should be 
allowed to speak : 

COL. HENRY DARNALL'S NARRATIVE. 

31 Dec, 1689. 

S. P.O. \ 
B. T. Maryland, V 
Vol.\,B.D.U. ) 

The Narrative of Coll. Henry Darnall, late one of the 
Councill of the Rt. Hon''i« y« Lord Proprietary of 
the Province of Maryland. 

On the 15th of March last Coll. Jowles sent word to the Coun- 
cill (then at St. Maryes) that three thousand Indians were comeing 
down on the Inhabitants, and were at the head of Puttuxent 
River, and required armes and amunition for the people to goe 
against the said Indians, all which was with all expedition sent 
him by Coll. Digges. The next morning I went up myself to Coll. 
Jowles, where I found them all in armes, and they told me they 
heard there was three thousand Indians at Matapany (from when 
I then came). I assured the People it was a false report, and 
oflfered myself to goe in person if they could advise me where 
any enemyes were, Indians or others, whereat they seemed very 
well satisfied. I began to suspect this was only a contrivance of 
some ill-minded men, who under this pretence would raise the 
Country, as by what happened afterwards we had reason to 
beleeve. Upon the most diligent search and enquiry into this 
whole matter, noe Indians any where appeared, and when ever 
any messenger was sent to the place where it was said the Indians 



THE PEOTESTAKT REVOLUTION. 97 

Calvert, and the ancestor of the present chief jus- 
tice of the United States ; from Richard Smith, a 

were come, there the Inhabitants would tell them they heard they 
were landed at such a place ; but after long search from place to 
place and noe sign of any Indians, the people were pretty well 
pacified, and Coll. Jowles himself wrote a Remonstrance (the copy 
whereof is here inclosed) which he signed, as did severall others 
who had the examination of this matter, the which was published 
in order to quiet the People, who in a few dayes seemed to be 
freed from their apprehensions. From this time untill the 16th 
of July foil, the country was all quiet and noe appearance of 
any enemy to disturb them, Indians or else. On the said 16th of 
July, a messenger came to me at Matapany, in the night time, 
to acquaint me that John Good was raiseing men up Potowmeck ; 
whereupon I informed the Councill thereof, who immediately dis- 
patched a person to know the truth ; but the said person was 
taken by Good as a spy and by him kept, soe the Councill had 
noe notice untill two dayes of any thing, when they were assured 
that Good had raised men up Potowmeck, and that some were 
come to him out of Charles County, who were all marching down 
toward St. Maryes, and in their way were joined with Maj"" Camp- 
bell and his men. Coll. Digges, haveing notice whereof, got toge- 
ther about an hundred men, and went into the State House at St. 
Maryes, which Good, and his party came to attack, and which Coll. 
Digges (his men not being willing to fight) was forced to surren- 
der, wherein were the Records of the whole Province, which Good 
and his party seized. In this while Maj'" Sewall and myself went 
up Pattuxent River to raise men to oppose said Good and his 
party, where wee found most of the OfiScers ready to come in to 
us, but their men were possessed with a beleef that Good rose 
only to preserve the country from the Indians & Papists, and to 

5 



9b THE DAY-STAR. 

brave and generous spirit, connected with the 
family of Somerset, and the forefather of the 

proclaim the King & Queen, and would doe them noe harm, and 
therefore would not stir to run themselves into danger ; soe that 
all the men we could get amounted not to one hundred and sixty, 
and by this time Good's party were encreased to seaven hun- 
dred. The Councill seeing how the people were led away by false 
reports and shams, in order to quiet them and give them all 
imaginable assurance they were clear and innocent of inviteing 
the Indians down, as was laid to their charge, offered to make 
Coll. Jowles (who was the cheif of their party next to Good) 
Gen" of all the forces in the Province, and sent such an offer to 
him, who returned a very civill answere, that haveing comuni- 
cated what we wrote to his own men he had with him, they were 
extreamly satisfied therewith, and gave us hopes he would come 
down to us ; but to the contrary he went & joined Good at St. 
Maryes, to whom and to all then in armes there, the Gouncill sent 
a Proclamation of pardon, upon condition they would lay down 
their armes and repair to their respective habitations : the which 
Good (as we were credibly informed) instead of reading to the 
People what was therein contained, read a defyance from us, 
thereby to enrage and not to pacify them. Good and his party 
haveing thus made themselves masters of the State House & the 
Records at St. Maryes, borrowed some great gunns of one Gaptain 
Burnham, master of a ship belonging to London, and came to 
attack Matapany House, the which when he came before, he sent a 
Trumpeter & demanded a surrender. Wee desired a parley and 
personall treaty in the hearing of the People, which Good would 
never consent to. We knew if we could but obtain that in the 
hearing of the People, we should be able to disabuse them and 
clear ourselves of what they were made beleeve against us j but 



THE PROTESTANT EEVOLtTTION. 99 

Smiths of St. Leonard's Creek, and of the Dula- 
nys and the Addisons ; and from Captain Thomas 
Claggett, the progenitor of the first Anglican 
bishop of Maryland. The opposition of these 
Protestants is, indeed, honorable, in the highest 
degree, to their memory. Taney was one of the 

this we could never get at their hands, but to the contrary they 
used all possible meanes to keep the People ignorant of what we 
proposed or offered, and made use of such artifices as the follow- 
ing, to exasperate them. They caused a man to come rideing 
Post with a letter, wherein was contained that our neighbour 
Indians had cut up their corn and were gone from their towns, 
and that there was an Englishman found with his belly ript open, 
which in truth was no such thing, as they themselves owned 
after Matapany House was surrendred. We being in this condi- 
tion and noe hopes left of quieting or repelling the People thus 
enraged, to prevent efFasion of blood, capitulated and surrendred. 
After the surrender of the said house, his Lordships Councill 
endeavoured to send an acco' of these transactions by one John- 
son master of a ship bound for London, to his Lordship, the 
which the said Johnson delivered to Good. When we found we 
could send noe letters, Maj"" Sewall and myself desired of Johnson 
we might have a passage in him for England, to give his LordsP 
acco' of matters by word of mouth, which the said John- 
son refused, upon pretended orders to the contrary from Good. 
Whereupon Maj' Sewall & myself went to Pensylvania, to 
endeavour to get a passage there ; upon which Good and his 
party to occasion to give out we were gone to bring in the 
Northern Indians ; but we missing of a passage there, came back 
and stayd in Ann Arrundell Gounty (who never had joyned with 



100 THE BAY-STAR. 

victims of a cruel imprisonment, accompanied 
with gross insults and indecent taimts, in conse- 
quence of his cool and inflexible refusal to sanction 
the iniquitous proceedings of Col. Jowles, and the 
other leaders of the revolution. Smith also was a 
victim. 

Good and his party) until the 26th of September, when (Maj' 
Sewall then being sick) I myself got a passage hither in one 
Everard. As to their proceedings in their Assembly, I can give 
noe acco*, only that they have taken severall Prisoners. 

(Signed) Henry Darnall. 

London, December Z\st, 1689. 

{Indorsed) 
" Coll. Darnall's Narrative of the 
troubles in Maryland. 1689." 

The following is from the ancestor of the Chief Justice ; 

MR. MICHAEL TANEY TO MRS. SMITH. 

14 Sept., 1689. 
8. r. 0. ) 

B. T. Maryland^ . 
Vol. 1, B. 2)., 26. ) 

Madam Smith : — 
I doubt not but you have heard what pretence those gentlemen 
who have lately taken up arms here in Maryland, in their majes- 
ties' names (to pull down y« lawful authority of y^ Lord Ballta- 
more here, which he held under their said majesties), makes for 
my confinement in prison along with your husband, the which I 



EKECTION OF COUNTIES. 101 

Besides Anne Arundel and Charles, six counties, 
between the years 1649 and 1698, were erected — 

hope neither you nor any good Christian or moral honest man or 
woman, which ever had any acquaintance with my life and con- 
versation, will credit ; and that you and all persons to whom this 
shall come, may know what I have done, whereby they ground 
their pretence. I therefore hereafter write down y'' heads of 
the whole (viz.) : At the first of my knowing of their taking 
up arms, which was some time in July, 1689, I endeavored, 
with what arguments I could use, to persuade all people, but 
chiefly Col. Jowles (my now chief enemy), to lie still and keep 
the peace of y^ country, until their majesties' pleasure should 
be known ; for that I looked upon it to be rebellion for persons 
here, without order from their majesties, to take up arms against 
y« lawful authority, which then rested in y^ lord proprietary 
under their majesties, as I did conceive ; which arguments, with 
some, I presume, prevailed, so that they lay still, but not with 
Col. Jowles. Then afterwards, when they besieged Mattapony, I 
went first to the gentlemen's camp, and afterwards to Mattapony, 
and, as an instrument of peace, so far as I could with my weak 
endeavors, Mr. Marsham being with me, persuaded both parties to 
comply without shedding blood, and accordingly they did. At 
which time Mattapony by y* Governors being surrendered, and the 
magazine of arms and ammunition all over the country, as soon 
as they possibly they could, seized on by those gent., so that they 
had the strength and command of most of y« country in their 
hands; and all papists in general desisting to act any further in 
government and office : but Col. Jowles and y« rest of those gent., 
not content to rest there, or not thinking themselves safe in what 
they had done, sending out precepts in their majesties' names, 
requiring the sheriff's of each county to warn the people to meet 
together and choose delegates and representatives to meet and 



102 THE DAY-STAR. 

four upon the eastern, and two upon the western 
shore. And at the period of the Protestant revo- 

assemble together, under pretence of settling affairs ; and also a 
proclamation that all officers not being papists, or having been in 
actual arms, nor any ways declared against their majesties' service, 
honor, and dignity, should continue in their places', and also a 
declaration of their own aggrievances to be publicly read; and 
Col. Jowles showing me some of those papers, being directed to 
me, as sheriff of Calvert County, I not being willing to execute 
their commands, endeavored to excuse myself, saying, I look upon 
myself, by y« surrender of y^ government, to be discharged of my 
office. Whereupon Col. Jowles took some other course to have it 
done ; but afterwards I finding most people of our county, and 
being informed it was so generally through y^ country, that all 
people, except such as had been in arms or abetters to their cause, 
was willing to remain as they were, until their Majesties plea- 
sure should be known, and I conceiving that my consenting to 
choose delegates and representatives to sit in such Assembly, and 
they countenancing the thing that was done, although they were 
awed to it, would make me guilty as well as they that did it ; 
therefore I resolved not to choose, nor consent that any should be 
chose ; however, being modest forbore railing or speaking grossly 
of what was done. And when the time appointed was come for y« 
election, Col. Jowles and divers of his soldiers being at y^ place, 
and I also and divers of the better sort of the people of our 
county, discourse arose about choosing representatives, and I and 
many others, being much the greater number, argued against 
choosing any. Amongst which discourse. Col. Jowles threatened 
that if we would not choose representatives freely, he would fetch 
them down with y" long sword, and withall required y« deputy 
clerk to read some papers that he had. Whereupon I asked Col. 
Jowles whether those papers were their majesties' authority, and 



ERECTION OF COUNTIES. 103 

iution, the population of the province, we may 
suppose, was not less than twenty-five thousand; 

if they were I would read them myself, if not, they should not 
be read. But he still bid y^ clerk read them. Whereupon I said 
to him and the rest of y« company, " Gentlemen, if the lord pro- 
prietary have any authority here, I command you, speaking to y« 
clerk, in y« name of y« lord proprietary, to read no papers here. 
Whereupon Col. Jowles went away in great rage, saying he would 
choose none, yet, afterwards, having got some of his soldiers to 
drink, he and they did somewhat which they called a free choice, 
and I and many more of the better sort of y« people set our hands 
to a paper, writing that expressed modestly and loyally some 
reasons why we were not willing to choose any representatives to 
sit in that intended assembly. For which doing I was fetched 
from my house on Sunday y« 25th of August, 1689, by James 
Bigger and six other armed men, by order of the persons assem- 
bled at y« command of Coad and his accomplices, and kept close 
prisoner at y« house of Philip Lynes, under a guard of armed 
men, and upon y« 3<i day of September carried by a company of 
soldiers before y« said Assembly, where Coad accused me of rebel- 
lion against their majesties King William and Queen Mary, for 
acting as above written, and withal told me if I would submit 
to a trial they would assign me counsel. Whereto I answered 
them that I was a freeborn and loyal subject to their majesties of 
England, and therefore expected the benefit of all those laws of 
England that were made for the preservation of y* lives and 
estates of all such persons, and therefore should not submit myself 
to any such unlawful authority as I take yours to be. AVhereupon 
they demanded of me who was their majesties' lawful authority 
here. I answered, I was, as being an officer under y« Lord Ballta- 
more, until their majesties' pleasure should be otherwise lawfully 
made known. Then they ordered the soldiers to take me away 



104 THE DAY-STAR. 

most of the earliest settlements having been 
founded upon the islands of the Chesapeake, near 
the banks of its tributaries, or within the immedi- 
ate vicinity of its shores. In 1654, the order erect- 
ing. Charles upon the Patuxent, was rescinded ; 
and Calvert established in place of it. A few 
years later, the county of the former name was 
erected upon the Potomac, and upon the Wico- 

awhile, and soon after ordered my bringing in again before them, 
with Mr. Smith and Mr. Botler, telling us it was y« order of y* 
House that we must find good and sufiScient security to be bound 
for us to answer before their majesties' commissioners and lawful 
authority what should be objected against us, and in the meau 
time be of good behavior. To which we answered, their authori- 
ties we looked upon not lawful to force us to give any bonds, and 
that we had estates in this country suflScient to oblige our staying 
to answer what any lawful authority could object against us. 
Then we were again ordered away to Mr. Lynes's, with a guard 
to keep us prisoners still, and afterwards having considered with 
ourselves, we informed them by Mr. Johns and several of them 
themselves speaking with us, that we would give them what bonds 
they pleased for our answering what should be objected against 
us by any lawful authority, leaving out the clause of good 
behavior, for that we knew they would make any thing they 
pleased breach of good behavior, and under presence of that, 
trouble us again at their pleasure. But that would not do, so at 
ye adjourning of y" Assembly we were all ordered by them to be 
kept in safe custody of Mr. Gillbert Clarke whom they made 
sheriff of Charles County, until we should give bond as above 



ERECTION OF COUNTIES. 105 

mico ; and about 1659, the extensive, now popu- 
lous, rapidly-growing county of Baltimore. There 
is no trace of Talbot anterior to 1660. Somerset 
was erected in 1666 ; Dorchester, about 1669 ; and 
Cecil (which had mainly grown out of Herman's 
settlement) in the year 1674. Great doubt exists 

required. Which is y* whole substance hitherto proceeded on, 
that is known to your humble servant to command. 

Mich. Taney. 

September y» 14th, 1689. 

Charlestown, in Charles 

County, where we are, and 

are like to remain still. 

(Addressed) 

To Madame Barbara 
Smith. These. 

Mem. — Y« 14th Sept'. 1689, Capt. Cocde mustered all y» men oi 
St. Mary's County at Choptlcoe, and did then and there order y* all 
Protestants servants and freemen should apear there at Chopticoe 
y* day fortnight, with provision for a march into Anne Arundel 
County, and those y^ were provided arms, to bring them with 
them, and those . y* were not should there be furnished with y"» 
country armes. 

(Indorsed) 

" Maryland, 1689. 
Letter to Mrs. Smith 
about Capt. Smith. 
Reel 16 Dec, 1689." 

5* 



106 THE DAY-STAE. 

respecting the original boundaries of most of these 
counties. Anne Arundel, for instance, extended to 
Fishing Creek, some distance below its present 
limit ; but the fact was not known to the legisla- 
ture subsequently to the American Revolution ; 
and a long, tedious, and very expensive contro- 
versy was the result. The boundary of Cecil 
reached to the southern extremity of Kent, in 
1674. And at an earlier period, Baltimore 
embraced a large portion of the eastern shore, 
including Bohemia manor. The first courts of this 
county, there is strong reason to believe, were held 
upon the same side of the Chesapeake ; and its 
ancient limits included the island, which received 
the first foot-prints of civilization upon the western 
shore of Maryland. Before the year 16S9, many 
tracts were taken up in Prince George's ; but that 
extensive county, out of which Frederick was 
carved as late as 1748, was not itself erected out 
of portions of Calvert and Charles till the year 
1695. The names of our early counties are not 
unworthy of a notice. Tliey suggest or comme- 
morate interesting facts, in the history of our 
colonization. 



6PESUTIA ISLAND. 107 

Spesutia Island, originally within the limits of 
Baltimore, perpetuates the name of Col. Nathaniel 
Utye, one of the most sanguine and adventurous 
pioneers in the colonization of the country, npon 
the head-waters of the Chesapeake. There, also, 
did Augustine Herman make his treaty with 
the Indian chiefs, for his title to the land upon the 
Bohemia Kiver. Spesutia has sometimes been 
confounded with the island, upon which Clay borne 
established his trading-post with the Susquehan- 
nocks, as early as 1630, But Watson's is the one 
which corresponds with Palmer's in size, and in 
every other particular. 

In duration as well as the difHculty of arriving 
at a satisfactory result, the contest between Anne 
Arundel and Calvert was not unlike that between 
Lord Baltimore and the Penns. But the identity 
of Marsh's (the admitted boundary) with Fishing 
Creek, is clearly proved by the records in the 
Land Office. And the history of the title to 
" Major's Choice " taken up by the Honorable 
Thomas Marsh, near the cliffs of Calvert, will rea- 
dily develop all the evidence upon this knotty 
question. 



( 



108 THE DAT-STAK. 



CHAPTEE IX. 

The state of Society, from 1634 to 1689. 

The overthrow of the proprietary's authority 
was the knell to the hopes of St. Mary's ; and, be- 
fore the lapse of many more years, Annapolis 
became the seat of government. 

During the era of Roman Catholic toleration, 
the original tenant of the forest lived almost side 
by side, and generally upon terms of the best amity, 
with our early colonial forefathers. Half-breeds, 
or theu' near descendants, probably still exist, 
both in the neighborhood of the Piscataway, and 
upon one or more rivers of the Eastern Shore. It 
has also been a thousand times asserted, that the 
blood of aboriginal chiefs is now represented by the 
Brents, by the Goldsboroughs, and by many of 
our other most distinguished families. 

Of the ChesajpeaJces (the nation who had given a 
name to our " Great Bay '') no vestige in Maryland 



THE YOACOMIOOS. 109 

appeared, at the arrival of Governor Calvert. Long 
before tlie settlement at St. Mary's, tliej were a 
small tribe, with not more than a hundred warriors, 
living upon a branch of the Elizabeth river, and 
under the dominion of the Powhatans, a powerful 
confederacy embracing more than thirty different 
nations, and which had extended its sway to the 
very banks of the Patuxent/ 

The Yoacomicos lived upon the St. Mary's. 
They were there at the arrival of the Pilgrims. 
The scene between Governor Calvert and the chiefs 
of this tribe, has been described, not only by eye- 
witnesses, but also by a host of later writers. It is 
not more honorable to the religion of the Roman 
Catholic, than to the instinct of the savage. A cup 
of cold watei*, we are taught, is not without its 
reward ; and the welcome given by these simple 
children of the wilderness, deserves to be held by 
the succeeding generations of Maryland, in the 
most grateful and enduring remembrance.' 

^ See Smith's History of Virginia ; Bozman's History of Mary- 
land. 

' See ante, pp. 4G-47. For further particulars see " A Relation 
of Maryland," and also Father White's Journal. 



110 THE DAY-STAK. 

At an early period, the Matapeaks lived upon 
Kent Island. Their name is still perpetuated by a 
small stream. And upon the farm held by the late 
General Emory, is " The Indian Spring." There 
also was a large number of arrow-heads, and other 
relics. And in the same part of the island, is a 
neck of land, which for a long time, bore the name 
of Matapax^ 

The Susquehannvclcs^ who gave their name to a 
large tributary of the Chesapeake, were the most 
powerful confederacy within the limits of Mary- 
land. Their chief dwelling-place was upon the 
head waters of the Chesapeake ; but they overran 
a large portion of the Eastern and of the "Western 
shore ; and even invaded the Yoacomicos. They 
w^ere also distinguished for their noble, gigantic 
size ; and received with great kindness, Capt. Smith 
and his companions, during his exploration of the 
Chesapeake, long before the settlement upon Kent 
Island. Many also were the treaties, which they 



^ For several facts relating to the Indians upon this Island, see 
my paper presented about three years since to the Md. Historical 
Society. 



THE PATUXENTS. Ill 

signed with Maryland ; including the one' for a 
large portion of our territory.^ 

^ This was signed (see Bozman, vol. 2. p. 683), in 1G52, at the river 
Severn, by Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Thom- 
as Marsh, and Leonard Strong, the commissioners on the part of 
Maryland ; and by Sawahegeh, Auroghtaregh, Scarhuhadigh, 
Ruthchogah, and JVatheldiarieh, the chiefs on behalf of the Sus- 
quehannocks. The treaty ceded to Maryland all the land from 
the Patuxent to Palmer's Island, and from the Choptank to the 
Elk ; but did not embrace Kent Island, nor Palmer's (now Wat- 
son's) Island. See also their treaty with Augustine Herman, Ap- 
pendix, No. 2. 

'■' The Patuxents, whoise principal seat was upon the river which 
perpetuates their name, included a large number of little nations 
and tribes, remarkable for the friendliness of their feelings. The 
territory of the Piscataways, whose prominent chief bore the title 
of Emperor, was bounded, in one direction, by the country of the 
Susquehannoks ; in another, by the region of the Patuxents. It 
also embraced a part of the country bordering upon the Patapsco, 
and upon the Potomac ; including Piscataway creek, and probably 
the sites both of W'ashington and of Baltimore. Upon the Sassa- 
fras lived the Tockwhoghs, quite a considerable tribe, and more 
ferocious than many of the other Indians. Near the mouth of the 
Chester was a very small one, which bore the name of Ozenics, 
Both these tribes disappeared at a very early period. The former 
was probably absorbed by the Susquehannoks. 

Further towards the South, on the same shore of the Chesapeake, 
dwelt also, at a very early period, the Kuskarawoaks, the great 
makers of peake and roanoke (the money of the Indians), and the 
chief " merchants " of aboriginal Maryland — subsequently repre- 
sented by two considerable confederacies, under the names of 
Choptank and JVanticoke, which are still borne by the large and 



112 THK DAY-STAPv. 

The Accomacs, and some other tribes further 
South than the Kuskarawoaks^ fell within the wide 
domain of the Powhatans. 

But North of the Province, was the still more 
warlike and powerful confederacy, consisting of the 



beautiful rivers, upon which they lived. The peake was more 
valuable than the roanoke. But they both consisted of shell — the 
former of the conch, the latter of the cockle — wrought into the 
shape of beads. 

With the Indians upon the Delaware, also, we entered into trea- 
ties. To this race belonged, it is supposed, the Ozenies, with some 
other tribes of Maryland. And a chief was held, for his virtues, 
in such profound veneration, not only by the Red man, but also 
by the White ; and his memory is so closely interwoven with the 
traditions and recollections of our ancestry ; that I cannot close 
this sketch, without the mention of his name. To the Aborigines 
upon the Delaware, he appeared, indeed, in the same light as did 
Alfred to the English, or St. Louis to the French. Eising above 
the level of his own kindred, he became also the representative of 
a sympathy (how hard was it to realize a union !) between the dis- 
ciples of civilization and the children of barbarism. And, in token 
of the companionship, societies were formed, both in Maryland 
and elsewhere, some time before the American Revolution ; and, 
in May, celebrated their anniversaries, with the Indian war-dance, 
and other ceremonies. At a little later period, a larger one was 
organized, representing the thirteen original States of the North 
American confederacy. And the Hall of St. Tammany, in the 
City of New York, now devoted to the purposes of a mere political 
party, is still, in its highest and most historical sense, a monument 
to the memory of the illustrious chief of the Delawares. 



HENET DE COTJROT. 113 

Mohawks^ and of four other nations ;' whose chiet 
dwelling place was upon the rivers of Kew York ; 
but who not unfrequentlj descended the Susquehan- 
nah, and spread the greatest alarm among the colo- 
nists.^ The relations, both at peace and at war, with 
this formidable confederacy, constitute (if ^NQ ex- 
cept the labors of the missionaries) the most interest- 
ing and important portion of the Aboriginal History 
of Maryland. The highest diplomatic skill was also 
exerted. And to the services of the Honorable 
Philemon Lloyd, but especially of the Honorable 
Henry De Courcy, both at Albany and elsewhere, 
was the proprietary, so many years, indebted, not 
only for the peace of his province, but also for the 
lives of many of his subjects. The treaties of these 
faithful and estimable commissioners with, the chiefs 
of the Five Nations (who were called Iroquois by 
the French), elicited the strongest and most signifi- 
cant testimonials both fjjpm the Governor and from 
the Assembly of Maryland. And, in the Documen- 

^ Called sometimes " The Northern Indians." See ante, e. g., 
p. 89. 

• Witness, also, the ill-founded panic of 1689, ante, pp. 87- 
106. 



114 THE DAY-STAR. 

tary Histories of New York, some of them have 
been lately printed, at the expense, and through 
the noble energy (I blush to add) of the New 
Yorkers. ' They are written in the rich, metaphor- 
ical style of the Indian. 

* The De Courcys of My-Lord's-Griffc (including Mrs. Mitchell of 
the Western shore), and the De Courcys of Cheston (see ante, p. 
83), are representatives of the family of the Hon. Henry De Courcy. 
Mrs. May, the wife of the Hon. Henry May, is also a descendant of 
this family. 

The claim of the De Courcys of Cheston (ante, p. 95) to the titles 
and estates of the old Anglo-Norman barony of Courcy and King- 
sale, has never been tested by a judicial or by a parliamentary 
investigation. But the daughters of Gerald (the baron, who died 
about the middle of the last century) expressed the opiniony that a 
member of the family at Cheston was clearly entitled ; and said, 
their impression had been derived (they spoke upon the point very 
positively) from their own father, before the period of his alleged 
insanity, or the date of the will, in which he selected Myles, of 
Rhode Island, as the successor. These, and many other interesting 
facts, upon the subject, may be found in The De Courcy P.apers now 
held by Doct. William Henry De Courcy, of Cheston, the brother 
of the Hon. Mrs, May. Of the hi*^ social rank of this family, at 
the very period of their arrival, the letter of Mr. Secretary Hatton 
is sufficient evidence. See note to the sketch of Mr. Hatton's 
life. 

It is generally supposed, the Hon. Henry De Courcy was a Ro- 
man Catholic. The inference has been drawn, I presume, from the 
fact of his extreme intimacy with Lord Baltimore, and from his 
uniform support of the principles, upon which the proprietary's 



FKAME-WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT. 115 

, Under that mild form of the feudal polity, which 
from the first prevailed in Maryland, our ancestors 
held their lands as a gift from the proprietary, bore 
a williDg allegiance, and paid a very small rent. 
Their title, indeed, for all practical purposes, 
was equivalent to a fee-simple. A little tract was 
given to each emigrant ; and an additional quantity 
for every person he had brought, or subsequently 
transported. Tracts of a thousand acres and up- 
wards w^ere erected into manors, under the propri- 
etary, with the right given to the lords of these 
limited territories, to hold courts-baron and courts- 
leet. And we have the recorded evidence of the 
fact, that upon St. Gabriel's, and St. Clement's, it 
was exercised. The lord proprietary also, who 
held the whole province, by fealty, of the English 
crown, pledged himself to deliver, every year, " on 
Tuesday, in Easter week," at the royal castle of 
Windsor, " two Indian arrows," and a fifth of 
" all the gold and silver," which might be " found."* 



government was conducted. It can easily be proved, however, 
that he was a Protestant. Nor was he the only Protestant cavalier, 
whose magnanimity and high sense of justice had induced him, 
with so much zeal, to sustain the proprietary's cause. 



116 THE DAY-STAE. 

The goYernment, in every essential particular, 
was a monarchy. Of this, the charter is sufficient 
evidence. It is true, the proprietary was a subject 
of the English crown. But, under the feudal state 
of society, it was not unusual for one j)rince to hold 
his territory of another. Scotland was once a lief 
of England ; and King John a vassal of the Pope 
of Rome. But no powers were ever exercised 
with a more substantial regard for the welfare of 
the colonists. And practical liberty did exist, at 
the very foundation of the colony. 

The privy councillors, and the lords of manors 
formed the class," in which we find the germ of a 
nobility. Below them, was a considerable number 
of planters, who bore the title of gentlemen — as 
large a class ^ in Maryland, as in any other Anglo- 
American colony — and the greater part of them, 

^ The high Provincial Court was analogous to that of the King's 
Bench ; and constituted the original of our present Court of Ap- 
peals. For many years, the governor or lord proprietary, and 
the privy councillors, sat upon its bench. 

' From them, also, were taken the early county court judges, 
originally styled justices and commissioners. They had, also, much 
of the jurisdiction subsequently given to the levy courts, and to 
the orphans' courts ; and personally were held in the very highest 
esteem. 



ANNAPOLIS. 117 

during the first twenty years, probably Roman 
Catholics. Upon the small manors (those held by 
the colonists) were the tenants, usually styled free- 
holders and suitors ; and who, unlike the gentle- 
men, rarely had the prefix of Mr. 

Three kinds of servitude prevailed — but, all of 
them, mild in their character ; and honorable, in a 
high degree, to the master. Many emigrants, who 
had come under an indenture, performed a faith- 
ful service ; and then received their discharge, with 
a comfortable outfit. A few Indians, also, were 
held in a state of slavery. And negro slaves, 
although not many of them, were introduced, dur- 
ing the earliest period of our history. Subsequently 
to the Protestant Revolution, convicts from Eng- 
land, it is certain, were imported. 

]N"o towns of any commercial importance arose, 
during the first sixty years. St. Mary's was never 
large. And the only edifice of any pretension was 
the State House. The foundation of Annapolis was 
laid. That city (then called a landing), and the one 
projected upon South River, were erected into ports 
of entry, in 16S3. And, on the Eastern shore, were 
the little towns of New- Yarmouth and York ; the 



118 THE DAY-STAE. 

former upon a branch of the Chester ; the latter, it 
is supposed, upon some part of the Wye.' But the 
p.ecessity for many towns did not then exist. The 
most striking feature upon the face of society was 
the plantations. Upon them, were held some of our 
earliest courts and councils. Hardly a home, or a 
tenement was not approached by water. And our 
governors, privy councillors, and county court 
judges were, all of them, planters. The principal 
planters were also the merchants, who traded w4th 
London, and the other great ports of England. 
And the large plantations, with their group of store- 
houses and other buildings, assumed the appear- 
ance, and performed the office of little towns. 

The currency of the province presents a good 
key to the state of society. In some contracts, 
none was required. There was simply a barter, or 
an exchange of one commodity for another. In 
commercial transactions, a little English or Euro- 
pean coin was occasionally used. In the trade with 
the Indians, for beaver-skins and other valuable 

X 
* Charleston, the original county seat of Prince George's, bat 

founded long before the erection of that county, stood at the fork 

of the Patuxent, either near or upon the site of Mount Calvert. 



PKOVmCIAL CUKliENCY. 119 

articles, Xh.Qjpea'ke and the roanoke obtained a free 
circulation ; and a good deal of this kind of cur- 
rency was held by the colonists. There was also a 
provincial coin, consisting of silver, and issued by 
the proprietary, of various denominations (as groats, 
sixpences, and shillings), having upon one side his 
lordshi]3's arms, with the motto Crescite et Multi- 
jplicainini^ upon the other his image, with the cir- 
cumscription Ccecilius Dominus Terrae-Marice^ 
c&c. ; being equal, in fineness, to English sterling, 
and of the same standard, though somewhat less in 
weight. Specimens of this curious money are pre- 
served ;^ very little of which, there is reason to be- 
lieve, w^as ever coined — tobacco being the most 
common currency of the province ; and one pound 
of it, in 1650, worth about three-pence of English 
money. 

Our ancestors generally sat upon stools' and 

^ I have seen oue or two in the possession of the Maryland His- 
torical Society, presented, I am informed, by our generous coun- 
tryman, Mr. Peabody, of London. 

^ I have seen several chairs. But stools and forms were chiefly 
Uised. The form was a sort of bench ; and sometimes, if not 
always, attached to the wall. The few chairs were, most of them, 
made of iron, and covered with leather. They were considered 
tho beat. 



120 THE DAT-STAE. 

forms ; dined without forks ;* but made a free use 
of the napkin ; and paid especial attention to the 
furniture of their bed-chambers. The walls also 
of their principal rooms were wainscoted.' And 
they kept a great deal of rich and massive silver 
plate, upon which were carved the arms of their 
own ancestry. Tea and coffee they rarely, if ever, 
tasted. Sugar they sometimes had. Bat freely did 
they drink both cider, and sack. And there is fre- 
quent mention of the silver sack-cup. Strong punch 
and sack, it would seem, were their favorite drinks.* 



* Their tables were oval. I was upon the eve of adding, our 
forefathers usually cut their meat with their rapiers, or other wea- 
pons ; for I have rarely met with dinner-knives. And I have 
examined a hundred inventories, without finding a single fork. 
I doubt, if there was one, in the whole province, the first thirty 
years. Nor should the fact surprise us. If we look at Beckmann's 
History of Inventions (I am obliged to an old schoolmate, for so 
good an authority), we will see, that this article was introduced 
into society at a late period. 

' Specimens of the wainscoted wall are still preserved at somo 
of the old family seats in Maryland. They have been much ad- 
mired ; and, in England, are again becoming fa/'iionable. 

^ Sack was the special favorite. A case, e. g., is referred for aa 
arbitration to the Hon. Thomas Marsh, who, in giving his award, 
added " a hogshead of sack " to be drunk between the parties. 
Take another :— Gov. Calvert ordered Col. Price to bring various 
articles to Fort St, Inigo's, for the use of the soldiers. <* And 



LIFE OF THE PLANTERS. 121 

They had also every variety of fruit, both for the 
winter, as well as for tlie summer. They delighted 
in pears and apricots, in figs and pomegranates,' in 
peaches and apples, and the most luscious melons. 
The wild strawberry and the grape-vine grew also, 
in the richest profusion. Many of the hills v/ere 
covered with vines ; and we have the proof, that 
vineyards also were cultivated. The air and the 
forest abounded in game ; the rivers and bays in 
fish. Our ancestors feasted upon the best oysters 
of America ; and dined, we may suppose, upon the 
Canvass-back, the most delicious duck in the world. 
Providence was " not content with food to nour- 
ish man." All nature then was " music to the ear," 
or " beauty to the eye." The feathered songsters 
of the forest were constantly heard. And so fasci- 
nated were our forefathers with a bird they had 
never seen before their arrival, that they gave it 
the name of Baltimore — its colors (black and yel- 

upon motion of s^ck,'' says the witness (see Tiios. Hebdea's Depo- 
sition, Lib. No. 2, p. 354), " the said governor replied, bidding him 
to bring sack if he found any." It occurs more frequently upon 
the records of the province, than upon the pages of Sbakspeare. 

* See Ogilby's America— a very interesting work —from which 
many of the facte in thifi chapter are taken. 

a 



122 THE DAY-STAU. 

low) corresponding with those upon the escutcheon 
of the Calverts. The eagle also, which still lingers, 
was then more frequently seen, in all his proud- 
est majesty. 

Tobacco was the great product of the province. 
In all the parts of Maryland at that time colonized, 
was it cultivated. And it is said, upon good author- 
ity, that " a hundred sail of ships," a year, from 
the West Indies and from England, traded in this 
article — ^the source also of a very large revenue to 
the English crown, at " his lordship's vast expense, 
industry, and hazard." Indian corn (or " mayz "), 
was also cultivated at an early period. From the 
Indians also did we obtain the sweet potato. The 
word, itself, is derived from them. So also 2irQ^one^ 
hominy^ jpocoson^ and many others. 

No regular post was established ; and it is doubt- 
ful, if we had any printing-press before the year 
1689. Gentlemen travelled on horseback by land ; 
or in canoes, or other small boats by w^ater. Fer- 
ries over the rivers and other large streams, were 
erected by the government ; and kept by the most 
respectable colonists — the duties, in most cases, 
however, being performed by their deputies. Let- 
ters were ?ient by ]^rivate hand ; and despatches 



cosxriviE. 123 

from the government by a special messen- 
ger. 

The practice of partaking of ardent spirits, and 
other refreshments, at funerals, was brought by our 
earliest ancestors from their own father-land ; and 
generally, if not universally observed. The sums 
expended in '' hot waters," and other drinks, upon 
such sad occasions, were surprisingly large. 

Tlie costume, during the reign of Charles the 
First, bore the marks of the strong military spirit 
of that age ; and was the most striking and pictur- 
esque ever worn in England. We have also, here 
and there, a glimpse of it, upon the records of this 
province. The inventory of Thomas Egerton, a 
cavalier, may illustrate a part of it. There we have 
the falchion, and the rapier ; the cloth coat lined 
with plush, and the embroidered belt; the gold 
hat-band, and the feather ; the pair of shoes, and 
the silk stockings ; the pair, also, of cuffs, and the 
silk garters. The signet-ring is also mentioned, one 
of the articles of a gentleman, at that period. And 
we find, that leather breeches, and stockings of the 
same material, were frequently worn.^ The large 

^ Boot hose-tops, it appears, were also worn, about 1650. For 
Mr. Egcrtou's Inventory, see the Records of the Land-Office ; and 



124 THE DAT-STAE. 

collar was succeeded by the cravat, it would seem, 
about tlie time of the Protestant Revolution. Buff 
coats were also worn as early as 1650. The cocked hat 
was probably not introduced before the year ITOO. 

Finger-rings were worn by almost all the early 
landed gentry of Maryland. And they were the 
favorite tokens of regard and remembrance, given 
in their wills. The number bequeathed, during the 
first hundred years after the settlement at St, 
Mary's, would seem incredible to any one, who is 
not familiar with our early testamentary records. 
The i^receding facts, in relation to dress, and 
including finger-rings, are predicated mainly of the 
Anglican and the Roman Catholic colonists. 

Cattle-stealing never prevailed in Maryland to 
the same extent as it did in Scotland. But a gover- 
nor of Virginia was convicted ; and we had many 
cases in this province. A high sheriff of Kent was 
tried ; and, notwithstanding his acquittal, the evi- 
dence was very strong. The witnesses stated, that 
the bullock was eaten in *^ hugger-mugger ;" that 
a sentinel kept watch ; and that Capt. Thomas 
Bradnox, the gentleman accused, had ordered one 

for some of the articles of a lady's dresa, eee note, in this volume, 
upon the will of Mrs. Fenwick, p. 215. 



IGNORANCE OF LETTERS. 125 

of ttem to say nothing of the subject to the Governor 
of Maryland, whose visit was soon afterwards 
expected. Capt. Bradnox^ was the friend, also, of 
Mr. Secretary Hatton. 

ISTo execution for witchcraft, under the sentence 
of a court, has ever marred, it would seem, the 
annals of this province. But Mary Lee, during a 
stormy passage upon the high seas, was i)ut to death 
by a company of sailors. And we have at least 
one case of conviction. It is that of John Cow- 
man, given in Ridgely's Annals of Annapolis. 

Mr. Macaulay says, that many English gentle- 
men and lords of manors, as late as 1685, had 
hardly " learning enough to sign " a mittimus. 
The accuracy of his picture has been doubted. 
But so far as it regards the education of many of 
the early gentry of Maryland, nothing could be 
more faithfully drawn.' We have instances here, 
in which the servant writes his name, and the mas- 
ter makes his mark. " Capt. Bradnox was wholly 
ignorant of the art of writing. And one, if not 

» For the law relating to cattle-marks, see this volume, p. 226. 

* That many gentlemen could not write their names, is evident. 
They repeatedly make their marks. Cases from the Record 
could be cited. 



126 THE DAY-STA-R. 

several of the earliest judges of tlie provincial court, 
came within the same category. The fact, indeed, 
suggests a very important inference ; and can only 
be accounted for upon the true historical hypothe- 
sis. In the past, we see the military ; in the pres- 
ent, the commercial spirit of society. Unights, 
and not merchants, were once the gentlemen of 
England. The sword, and not the purse or the pen, 
was still the emblem of power. And it would be 
a great mistake to suppose, the unlettered gentle- 
men of two hundred years ago, were not persons 
either of intelligence, or of lofty bearing. The an- 
cestors of these men had been upon many a bloody 
battle-field ; and a living tradition had supplied the 
place of history. IsTo class was more jealous of the 
honor of their families ; or the glory of their coun- 
try. The landed gentlemen of England, from 
whom many of our own early gentry derived their 
origin, were, themselves, the descendants, through 
younger branches, of the old and powerful aristo- 
cracy of that kingdom ; and felt the highest pride in 
all that is grand, chivalrous, or glorious, in the an- 
nals of that great country, for the period of a thou- 
sand years. 

Between the morals of the past, and those of the 



THE MORALS OF OUR ANCESTRY. 127 

present, it would be impossible to draw a full or 
fair contrast. But injustice, in tliis particular, has 
certainly been done to tlie memory of our ancestors ; 
and tlie letter of Parson Yeo to the Archbishop, in 
1676, is little better than a libel. Without wishing 
to throw a veil over the sins of the past, or excuse 
in the least its rudeness or its violence ; I have no 
hesitation in expressing the opinion, for whatever 
it may be worth, that in the sincerity of their 
friendships, in the depth of their religious convic- 
tions, in the strength of their domestic aflections, 
and in a general reverence for things sacred, our 
forefathers far outshine the men of this generation, 
with all its pomp and pride of civilization. 

'Nov must we forget the new element which was 
introduced into the early society of Maryland — the 
element of religious liberty — an element, which we 
cannot but suppose, constantly exerted its influence 
in enlarging the mind, and elevating the thought of 
the colonists — an active principle in the life of the 
early planters — the crowning glory of the era, in 
which they lived, ISTor did it die, at the fall of St. 
Mary's, or the overthrow of the proprietary. It 
had taken root in other parts of the continent. 
And its fruit we now enjoy. 



128 THE DAY-dTAit. 



CHAPTEK X. 

The Law-givers of 1649 — Their Names — A fragment of the 
Legislative Journal. 

The claim of the Roman Catholic legislators 
has been either denied or doubted by so many 
respectable writers;' and so much obscurity has 



* I will name but four :— the Honorable John Pendleton Ken- 
nedy, whose various contributions to our literature have con- 
ferred a lasting obligation upon the friends of historical learning j 
the late John Leeds Bozman, whose history (a book of high 
authority) was published by the State ; Mr. Sebastian F. Streeter, 
in his •' Two Hundred Years Ago," distinguished not less for its 
general accuracy of statement than for the noble zeal of its 
author in the prosecution of some of the most diflBcult inquiries 
within the whole range of our early history; and the Rev. 
Ethan Allen, whose " Maryland .Toleration " is favorably received 
by the public, especially by the clergy and laity of the Protestant 
Episcopal church. More than a century after the passage of the 
important act, Mr. Chalmers wrote the celebrated '' Annals,'' in 
which he states the Assembly was "composed chiefly of Roman 
Catholics." But he did not give the proof; nor does Mr. 
Bancroft, or any other historian. Mr. McMahon, the highest 
authority upon the history of Maryland, abstains (I think rather 



A FRAGMENT OF THE JOURNAL. 129 

really hung (for the journal is lost) over the faith, 
and identity (including the very names) of the 
members; that no apology, it is hoped, will be 
demanded by the truth-loving reader, for the 
tediousness of the following details. 

Fortunately for the settlement of the question, a 
fragment of the legislative journal is still pre- 
served (strangely enough !) upon the records of the 
Land Office. It consists of a report from the 
financial committee ; and the action of the Assem- 

etudiously) from the expression of any very clear opinion. But 
while I do not feel it safe, upon some questions, to follow Mr. 
McSherry, the Roman Catholic, it is but due to him to say, in 
simplicity and beauty of style, in freshness of thought, and the 
general fascination with which he invests his subject, he has 
excelled all the historians of this State ; and that in reading his 
book, I was, for the first time in my life, inspired with a taste for 
the study of our early provincial annals. The Georgetown College 
MS. for a copy of which I am indebted, through the kindness of 
Governor Lowe, to President Stouestreet, is a much older produc- 
tion, judging from its internal evidence, than any of the pub- 
lished writings of Mr. Chalmers ; but not only without a date or 
the name of its author, but also unsatisfactory in many other 
respects. "With perfect candor, I will now add, that the best 
argument I have seen in favor of the Roman Catholic claim, is 
from the pea of my good and dear friend, Wm. Meade Addison. 
It yet remains for me, by God's help, to try my own hand. 



6* 



130 THE DAY-STAK. 

bly in relation to " The Bill of Charges." ' If we 
add to it a part of the journal of the following 

* The Report which follows contains the name of every Burgess : 

"Saturday, the 21st of April, 1649, being ye last day and 
sessions-day of the Assembly — the House being called, all assem- 
bled but Mr. Pile and IVIr, Hatton, whose absence was excused by 
the governor. The committee brought in the charge of this 
present Assembly, which is as followeth, viz. — At the committee 
for charges of the Assembly, the committee appointed the sums 
under-written to be paid to the parties under-written this 21st of 
April, 1G49 — all tobacco under-written due with cask. 



ImprimiH, for the shallop and one man 9 days, . 

For one man 8 days, 

For two men, seven days, 

For provisions for the men paid by the sherifif,. 
For fetching wood and water during this Assembly, 



Tob. 
200 
080 
140 
100 
150 



670 
Hereof Kent is to pay a sixth part being . . . 112 
St. Mary's county is to pay the rest, being, . . 558 

000 

Lieut. Banks, Walter Peake, Mr. Browne, and John Maunsell, for '\ 000 
their diet, at 161b. Tob. per day a man for twenty-one days >■ 2184 
and for loss of their time, 101b. Tobacco per day, with cask, ) 000 

Mr. Thornborough, for 21 days, 210 

George Manners, for 16 days, 160 

To Mr. Fenwick for his trouble at this Assembly, . . . 1200 

For Mr. Bretton, 210 



For Capt. Vaughan for going to the eastern shore, and sending 
down a boat and hands to St. Mary's, .... 



500 



[ 

For the clerk of the Assembly, for 25 days, at 501b. per day, . 1250 



FRAGMENT OF THE JOURNAL OF 16J:9. 131 

year/ and the facts already given by Bozman and 
other historians, it will be easy for ns to ascertain, 

The sixth part of which 1250 Kent is to pay . . . 208 
St. Mary's county to pay the rest, being .... 1042 
For Mr. Conner for the charge of this Assembly, . . . 1342 
The committee finding it just to be levied per poll, as we con- 
ceive. 

CUTHBERT FeNWICK, \ PhILIP CoXNEK, 

RicEtAKD Bajnks. v Richard Browne, 

) Walter Peake. 
See Land Records, Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 

* " April 29th, 1650. — We, whose names are hereunder written, 
declare, that our intents in passing the Bill the last year, entitled 
an Act for the support of the Lord Proprietary (and do verily 
believe, that the intention of the whole House then was), that 
these words in the law, viz., * touching the late recovery and 
defence of the province,'' is only meant thereby, that those sol- 
diers who came up in person with Governor Calvert, deceased, 
out of Virginia, and those others who were hired into the Fort 
of St. Migo's, for the defence and preservation of the province, 
and government reassumed by him ; and other just arrears incurred 
during that time in the said Fort, should be satisfied by virtue of 
that Act ; and no others. Wm. Stone, Thos. Green, John Price, 
John Pile, Thomas Hatton, Robert Vaughan, Cuthbcrt Fenwick, 
William Bretton, George Manners, Robert Clarke. 

" 29 th April predict. It is thought fit by both Houses of this 
present Assembly, that the act above-mentioned be understood 
and judged upon according to the intentions expressed in the 
declaration above-written. Concurred, nt supra. Assented ut 
supra. 

Land Record?, Lib. No. 3, p. 345. 



132 THE DAT-STAR. 

beyond the shadow of a doubt, who were the 
Assemblymen of 1649.' 

* The inference from the preceding fragment of 1649 is fully 
established by the analogy drawn from the Journal of 1650 — 
remembering, however, that Mr. Fenwick took the place of Doctor 
Mathews (see Bozman), and (what is also well known) that Messrs. 
Cox and Puddington were sent from Anne Arundel county. 

" Return from the Sheriff of St. Mary's, 2d of April, 1650. 

"All and every the freemen of St. Mary's county have been 
summoned, according to the direction of those summons, and 
have made choice of these burgesses following for every hundred, 
viz. : — 

-n OL rt » 1. J J ( Mr. John Hatch, 

For St. George's hundred, •< 

( Mr. Walter Beane. 

{ Mr. John Medley, 
For Newtown hundred, ) Mr. Wm. Brough, 

( Mr. Robert Robins. 

For St. Clement's hundred, Mr. Francis Posey. 

( Mr. Philip Land, 
For St. Mary's hundred, | ^^^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ 

For St. Inigo's hundred, Mr. Thomas Matthews. 



For St. Michael's hundred, 



i Mr. Thomas Sterman, 
( Mr. George Manners. 



•• Which I humbly certify, in return hereof. 

Nicholas Gwyther." 
See Land Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 

" Return from Kent, April, 5, 1650. 
" These summons were duly executed, and by virtue thereof, I 
was by the major part of the freemen, chosen burgess for the Isle 
of Kent county, which I do certify, in return hereof. 

'* Robert VAUGHiusJ." 
Land Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 



COKRESPONDINa DOCUMENTS, 1650. 



133 



It will be remembered, that Cecilius, tlie pro- 
prietary, notwithstanding his residence in England, 



0400 



I 0600 



Common Charges to be levied by equal Assessment through ye 
whole Province. April 21th. 
" The committee brought in the country's charge, 
For Wm. Lewis, for his attendance and bringing down Indians 

last year, 

For Matthias Briant for carrying ye governor's letter, . . 0100 

For pressing Mr. Chappel's boat, 0200 

For Francis Martinson, for going to Anne Arundel and Kent 

counties, 

For the cleric of the Assembly, for 24 days at 501b. per day, . 1200 
For Philip's attendance on the burgesses, &c., .... 0420 
For ye Sheriff, for his attendance on the House, . . . 0500 

8420 
Same Lib., p. 59. 

'* The Committee^s Sill of Charges, this Assembly, brought in 

27th April. Allowing:— 
St. Mary's, 

{Robert Robins, for 27 days' attendance, at 501b. per day, 1360 

Mr. Wm. Brough, for 21 days, at 501b. per day, . . 1050 

John Medley, for 14 days, " "... 0700 

To Mr. Philip Land, 26 days, " " • . . 1300 

C John Hatch, 24 days, " "... 1200 

< Walter Beane, 24 days, " "... 1200 

To Francis Foesey, 2S days, at 501b. per day, . . . 1400 

C George Manners, 21 days, 1050 

To < 

( Mr. Thomas Sterman, 21 days, 1050 

To Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick, 11 days, 0550 

" As for that Mr. Francis Broolfs was not able, through sicliness, 
to attend the House, and drawing of his wine, the committee 
think fit not to provide for hira at all. 
Kent, 
To Capt. Robert Vaughan, for 40 days, at 501b. per day, . 2000 
To boat and hard, &c., 0250 



134 THE DAY-STAR. 

possessed an important part of the law-making 
power. It is certain, the " Act " relating to " Eeli- 
gion" received his approval. Under the provi- 
sions of the charter, it could not have become a 
law, in the proper sense, without his sanction, 
either expressed or implied. "We know he 
approved it. And the fact is undisputed. 

Capt. "VYm. Stone, it is also known, was the pro- 
prietary's lieutenant-general, or governor of the 
province. And the governor, at that period, was 
ex-officio the president of the privy council. His 
concurrence also in the passage of the Act, is a 
matter of record. 

And we have the well-known commission of four 
privy councillors : — Thos. Green, John Price, John 

Anne Arundel, 

To Mr. Puddington, . 
„ , J. ^ ? for 37 days apiece, at 501b. per day, . 8700 



Boat, hands, and wages. 



" This assessment to be laid on the hundreds and counties, j^ro 
portionably, every county and hundred bearing their particular 
charge of their own particular burgess or burgesses. 

" The committee finding already 3420 lb. more of tobacco upon 
common charge, besides what will hereafter be reckoned. Where- 
upon (not be able to make a true estimate of the people inhabit- 
ing in the several counties, whereby to proportionate the 



ASSEMBLY-MEN OF 1649. 135 

Pile, and Eobert Yauglian. Eobert Clark was, at 
tlie same time, the surveyor-general ; and Tliomas 
Hatton, the secretary of the province. It was the 
practice of these high officers, to sit in the Assem- 
bly with the councillors. And we have the j)roof, 
that they did so, in 1649./ 

Nine burgesses represented Kent and St. Mary's. 
Their names are : — Cuthbert Fenwick, Philip Con- 
ner, William Bretton, Richard Browne, George 
Manners, Pichard Banks, John Maunsell, Thomas 
Thornborough, and Walter Peake. 

Including the governor, there were sixteen mem- 
bers, in the whole Assembly. Of the six privy 
councillors, Pobert Yaughan was the only one who 
resided in Kent. And Philip Conner represented 
the freemen of that county. 

assessment equally) they refer the making thereof unto the meet- 
ing in October for that purpose. 

Signed, 
John Price, James Cox, 

Robert Vaughan, Philip Land, 

John Hatch, Robert Robins, 

Wm. Brough George Puddington.'' 

Same Lib., pp. 60, 61. 

* They signed the certificate prefixed to the Declaratory Act of 

1650. 



136 THE DAY-STAE. 



CHAPTEE XL 

Their Faith — They sit in One House. 

The proprietary was a Eoman Catholic ; and the 
governor, a Protestant. Three of the privj coun- 
cillors (Thomas Green, John Pile, and Robert 
Clarke), held the faith of the former; the other 
three (John Price, Robert Yaughan, and Thomas 
Hatton), with equal certainty, may be classed 
with the latter law-giver. 

As the result of the strictest historical criticism — 
of the most careful and exhausting analysis of the 
whole evidence — it is but right to say, the proof is 
not discoverable, that more than two members of 
the whole House of burgesses (or representatives 
of the people) were either Protestants, or in direct 
sympathy with the Protestant class of colonists. 
That Mr. Conner and Capt. Banks belonged to 
that class, is a matter of evidence. And there is 
some degree of probability that Mr. Browne also 



FAITH OF THE ASSEMBLY-MEN OP 1649. 137 

held the faith of the English church. But it is 
certain, that five of the burgesses (Messrs. Fen- 
wick, Bretton, Manners, Maunsell, and Peake) 
cherished a faith in the Roman church ; and we 
have the basis of a very strong presumption, that 
Mr. Thornborough (a sixth member of this House) 
was also a Eoman Catholic. 

Including the proprietary and Mr. Thornborough, 
ten of the law-givers of 1649 held the faith of the 
.Homan Catholic Church. If we count the 
governor and the two burgesses ; six, it will appear, 
belonged to some branch of the Protestant — pro- 
bably the Anglo-Catholic. Adding Mr. Browne, 
we have a seventh. But this is a superficial 
view of the question ; and refers only to the time, 
I they all sat in one House. 



138 THE DAT-STAB. 



CHAPTER XII. 

The Whole Strength of the Roman Catholic Element in the 
Assembly. 

All, we have from the remaining parts of the 
journal, is that on the " last day " of the Assem- 
bly, the representatives of the freemen, with the 
governor, and with the privy conncillors (except- 
ing Messrs. Pile and Hatton), assembled in one 
" House ;" and that, on the same day, was passed 
the " Act concerning Religion." ^ It can be proved 
from the records, that of the fourteen, eight 
(including Mr. Thornborough) were Roman Catho- 
lics ; and six (with Mr. Browne) were Protestants. 
But this estimate does not render strict historical 
justice to the claim of the former. The privy coun- 
cillors were, all of them, as well as the governor, 
the special representatives of the Roman Catholic 

^ In the marginal note to the copy of the Act upon the Records 
of the Land Office, the date of its passage is given. 



EOMAN CATHOLIC ELEMENT IN THE ASSEMBLY. 139 

proprietary;' under an express pledge imposed by 
him, shortly before the meeting of the Assembly 
(as may be seen from the official oath), to do nothing 
at variance with the religions freedom of any be- 
liever in Christianity ; and removable, any moment, 
at his bidding. It would be fairer, therefore, to 
place the governor and the four privy councillors 
on the same side as the six Roman Catholic bur- 
gesses. Giving Mr. Browne to the other side, we 
have eleven Eoman Catholic against three Pro- 
testant votes. 

* This fact is presented, in a very forcible light, by Mr 
Addison. See Addison's Religious Toleration in America. 



140 THE DAY-STAE. 



CHAPTEK XIII. 

The Burgesses, as a Distinct Branch of the Legislature — A 
Majority of Roman Catholic Representatives. 

But there is the strongest evidence to show, that 
at a previous stage of the session, the Assembly sat 
in two Houses. This is the opinion of Bozman, 
w^ho is, by no means, partial towards the Roman 
Catholics — an opinion sustained also by Chalmers, 
by Bacon, and by Bancroft. It is evident that Mr. 
Fenwick received an extra allowance.^ May we 
not suppose, he was the chief officer, or speaker, 
of the Lower House? But the best argument 
is drawn from the analogy furnished by the 
Assembly of the following year ; and by the very 
phraseology, in the Act relating to religion. We 
know the Legislature* of 1650, although expressly 
divided into two distinct chambers, sat near the 
end of the session, in one House. '^ And, in the 

* See the Bill of Charges, ante, p. 130. 

• The journal of 1650 has been preserved. It is in Lib. No. 3, 



ROMAN CATHOLICS IN THE LOWER HOUSE. 141 

Act, of which we are speaking, there is a clear 
reference to an Upper and Lower House/ If we 
suppose, therefore (what cannot admit of a reason- 
able doubt), that the Act passed each House 
before its final adoption by the whole Assembly in 
one body ; and still give Mr. Browne to the Pro- 
testants ; we will find there were six Roman Catho- 
lics (including Mr. Thornborough) against three 
only of the other class of delegates. 

in the Land OfBce. And there is abundant evidence to show that 
many of the laws and orders of that year were passed by " both 
Houses" sitting in one. I have now before me an extract from p. 
61, which distinctly states, that on the " 29th " of April, the " bur- 
gesses of the Lower House being sent for, came and joined them- 
selves with the Upper House," for the *' more convenient and 
speedier dispatch of all business." Other extracts could be 
given. 

^ In the recorded copies in Lib. Laws, C. and W. H., p. 106, and 
in Lib. W. H. and L., p. 1, it is said, the law was enacted, " with 
the advice and consent of the U^per and Lower House." '* With 
the advice and consent of this general Assembly," according to 
the copy in Lib. No. 2. These copies seem to indicate the different 
stages of proceeding. 



142 THE DAY-STAB. 



CHAPTER Xiy. 

Population of the Province in 1649 — ^Predominance of tlie Roman 
Catholic Element at the Period of the Assembly — The Honor due 
to the Roman Catholic Freemen of Maryland. 

If we take the religions elements of the popula- 
tion represented in this Assembly ; the difference 
will again be in favor of the Roman Catholics. 

In 1648, the burgesses appeared either as indivi- 
dual freemen ; or as the representatives, each, of a 
definite number. And, in 1650, the six hundreds 
of St. Mary's county, as distinct integers, sent their 
own respective delegates. Assuming the constitu- 
tion of either year, for the sake of the argument ; 
the result, in 1649, would be substantially the 
same. 

The settlement upon Kent Island was an off- 
shoot of the Anglo-Catholic colony at Jamestown. 
Col. Clayborne was undoubtedly an Episcopalian. 
There, also, have we the traces of the life and 



ANGLO-CATHOLICS OF KENT. 143 

Jabors of the Rev. Richard James, and ol one or 
more other ministers of the Anglican church.^ It 
is but just to admit, that most of the Islanders 
were Protestants. But the population of Kent was 
small. In 1639, if not mcmy years later^ she was 
but a hundred of St. Mary's county.' In 1648, she 
paid a fifth part only of the tax ;' and did not 
hold, in the Assembly of that year, a larger ratio 
of political power.* That also was before the 



* Thanks to the zeal and learned diligence of the Rev. Mr. 
Allen, but especially of Mr. Streeter. 

"^ In 1639, was also erected the "hundred Court of Kent." 
Bozman, vol. 2, p. 140. 

' From the Bill of Common Charges at the Assembly of 1648, 
I talie, as an illustration, " The Clerk's Fees." This item amounts 
to 1250 pounds of toba«cco, of which " Kent is to pay 250." Lib. 
No. 2, pp. 302-303. 

* It was about a fifth, as the following Protest of that year will 
show. It is signed by all the members, including Captain 
Vaughan, the delegate from Kent ; and Captain Bradnox, and Mr. 
Conner, the two freemen from that county ; — 

Tlie Protest of 1648, JVew Style. 

" "Wo, the freemen assembled in this present general Assembly, 
do hereby declare, under our hands ; and generally, jointly, and 
unanimously protest, against the laws which are now pretended 
to be put in force by the last general Assembly ; conceiving that 
they were not lawfully enacted. For that no summons issued out 



144: THE DAT-STAK. 

return, we may suppose, of all the Koman Catho- 
lics, who had been expelled or exported from St. 
Mary's, by Capt. Ingle, and the other enemies 
of the proprietary. In 1649, she had but one 
delegate; while St. Mary's was represented by 
eight. And this year, she paid but a sixth part of 
the tax.' And for many years after, as well as 
before this Assembly, there is no evidence what- 
ever of a division of the island, or the county, even 
into hundreds.^ Its population did not, in 1648, 
exceed the fifth ; nor in 1649, the sixth part of the 

to all the inhabitants, whereby their appearance was required by 
lawful authority. Witness our hands, this 28th January, 1647. 

Robert Vaughan, 24 voices. Robt. Clarke, proxy, Geo. Akerick, 8, 

Cuthbert Fenwick, 3, Walter Peake, 22, 

Robert Percy, proxy, ) ^ Wm. Thompson, proxy, Capt. Price, 9, 

> 15 
John Medley, ) Thomas Bradnox, 

Phil. Conner, Thomas Thornborough, 

Richard Banks, 24, Edward Packer, 8, 

Thomas Allen, 6, John Wyatt, proxy, Mr. Brooke, 

George Saugher, 6, Edwd.Cotton, proxy, Barnaby Jackson, 9 

Walter Waterlen, 2, William Bretton, 4." 

Lib. No. 3, pp. 293-294 ; and Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 323-324. 

It would seem, then, that in the Assembly of 1648, there werd 

but 27 votes for Kent, and 130 for St. Mary's. 

* Bill of Charges for 1649, Lib. 2, p. 488. 

' I have carefully examined the records at Chestertown ; and 

am satisfied this county was not laid off into hundreds till many 

years afterwards. 



POPULATION OF THE PROVINCE IN 16d:9. 145 

whole number of free white persons in the pro- 
vince,* 

In no hundred of St. Mary's county, was there a 
majority of Protestants, unless in St. George's. It 
is not altogether certain that the Protestants out- 
numbered the Roman Catholics, even in that hun- 
dred. The Rev. William Wilkinson, of the 
English church — the first permanent pastor of the 

' The numbers and resources of the province had been greatly 
diminished by the contest of Col. Clayborne, by the rebellion of 
Capt. Ingle, and by various other causes. 

Notwithstanding the destruction of so many of the records, and 
the lapse of so much time, it is gratifying to think that amid 
the twilight of the past, we have still •preserved for our own 
generation, many of the most important lights and landmarks of 
history ; and that the population of the province, at the period 
of which I am writing, may yet be ascertained with a reasonable 
degree of certainty. If we multiply five by the twenty-seven 
votes from Kent — the number which represented, in 1G48, its 
freemen, or the heads of its families — that county will have 135 
persons. The same ratio will give to St. Mary's 650. But this 
estimate was true of the latter county only at the beginning of 
that year. The month of June, there were not less than 110 
tithables, or 700 persons in this county. And the return of other 
colonists to St. Mary's before the succeeding April, accounts for 
the fact, that in 1649 Kent paid but a sixth part of the tax ; at 
which time the whole population of the province approached 900, 
including the 130 or 140 inhabitants upon the Isle of Kent. For 
the levy and assessment of 1648 upon St. Mary's, see Lib. No. 2, 
p. 366, and p. 369. 

7 



146 " THE DAY-STAR. 

Anglo-Catliolic faith after the landing of the Pil- 
grims — but whose name has never yet appeared 
upon any page of Maryland's history — did not 
arrive in St. Mary's till the year 1650. A preacher 
and a planter, engaged in the discharge of his 
ministerial functions, as well as in the trade of the 
province (and what right have we to censure one 
who seems to have been without a temporal sup- 
port from his own church ?) ; living also, for a long 
period, in St. George's hundred ; we cannot sup- 
pose he was altogether unsuccessful in his official 
labors. But even before his arrival, we there 
discover the germs of an early Anglican faith. In 
that hundred, as early as 1642, lived the "Wick- 
liffes, the Cadgers, the Marshalls, and other Epis- 
copalians.^ There also was the earliest home, 

^ " Council Proceedings," Lib. 1637 to 1658, pp. 209-215. Wm. 
Marshall's deed for •' three heifers " is an interesting paper ; and one 
of the earliest gifts upon the Records of Maryland for the support 
of a Protestant ministry — the very first I remember, in which 
allusion is made to a " parish." It may be found in Lib. No. 1, on 
pp. 608-609, and is dated "the 3 day of June," 1654— the pro- 
posed field of labor being a locality then called " The Neck of 
Wicocomico." Robt. Cadger, whose devise is mentioned by 
Bacon, was the only son of the Robert who came from the Old 
World, and who lived in St. George's in 1642. The will of the 



a:nglo*catiiolics of st* oeobge^s, 14? 

Jthough at a period subsequent to 1649, of the 
Addisons, of Oxon-Hill, a family wliich, for more 
than six generations, has borne a willing testimony 
to the faith of Cranmer, of Ridley, and of Latimer/ 
Conceding, what must remain a matter of consi- 
derable doubt, that St. George's was a Protestant 
hundred as early as 1649 ; and adding the county 
of Kent, on the eastern shore ; the Protestants 
would hold two-sixths, or one- third, of the whole 
political power, substantially, if not formally, 
represented during this year, in the Lower House of 
the Assembly — an estimate which also accords 
with the ratio of the Protestant to the Roman 



emigrant contains a conditional devise for the erecting and 
" maintaining of a free-school " upon his home plantation, and is 
dated in the year 1667. We are also struck ^'ritu the fact that the 
person selected by the ** Protestant CathoLcs," as the organ of 
their petition against Doct. Gerrard, fo: seizing the "key " to the 
chapel (see Bozman, Vol. 2, anno 1642, p. 1!)9), resided in thia 
very hundred ; and that he bore the surname of Wickliffe, the 
morning-star, in the opinion of our Protestant historians, to the 
Reformation of the sixteenth century ; certainly as important an 
agent in the production of that event as the great Wesley in the 
reproduction of the Oxford theology of the present age. 

^ In this hundred lived also Col. Price ; and (I have reason to 
think), for a short period, Capt. Banks. But I cannot say what 
time they became residents. 



14S THE DAY-STAR* 

Catholic delegates— assuming that Mr. Browne was 
one of the former* But it is not improbable that 
the Protestants constituted a fourth only of the 
population of Maryland. 

The Protestants had, it is true, a majority in the 
Assembly of 1650o^ But it was proper tliat the 
opportunity should lye offered them^ under the most 
favorable circumstances, of acknowledging their 
gratitude for so beneficent an administration of the 
government ;' and of testifying in the most formal 
manner, that, under the proprietary's rule, they 
were in the enjoyment of a real, practical free- 



* The eleven delegates from St. Mary's were John Hatch, 
Walter Beane, Wm. Brough, Robt. Robins, Francis Poesy, Thos. 
Steerman, Cuthbert Fenwick, Geo. Manners, John Medley, Philip 
Land, and Francis Brooke — the first six Protestants, the remaining 
five Roman Catholics. James Cox and Geo. Puddington (Protes- 
tants) represented the newly-erected Puritan county of Anne 
Arundel ; while Capt. Yaughan (another Protestant) was the repre- 
sentative from Kent, but sat also in the Upper House. Of the 
hundred of St. Mary's, Messrs. Hatch an i Beane represented St. 
George's ; Messrs. Medley, Brough, and Robins, Newtown ; Mr 
Poesy, St. Clement's ; Messrs. Land and Brooke, St. Mary's ; Mr. 
Fenwick, St. Inigoe's ; and Messrs. Steerman and Manners, St. 
Michael's. Lib. No. 3, 47-55. See also ante, p. 71, and p. 132. 

^ This they did in a most handsome manner. See Act of Re- 
cognition in Bacon and in Bozman. 



K03kIAN CATHOLICS OF ST. MARy's. 149 

.dom.^ Even on that occasion, they outnumbered 
the Roman Catholic delegates from St. Mary's, by 
a majority of one only.' And it is but necessary 
to add, while one of the most prominent Roman 
Catholic delegates of 1649 was elected to the 
honorable post of clerk of the Assembly in 1650, 
and two others held a seat in that body, not a sin- 
gle Protestant of the latter year had represented 
the county in the Legislature of the former. 

St. Mary's was the home — the chosen home — of 
the disciples of the Roman church. The fact has 
been generally received. It is sustained by the 
tradition of two hundred years, and by volumes of 
written testimony ; by the records of the courts ; 
by the proceedings of the privy council ; by the 
trial of law-cases ; by the wills and inventories ; 
by the land-records, and rent-rolls ; and by the 
very names originally given to the towns and hun- 
dreds ; to the creeks and rivulets ; to the tracts and 
manors of the co mty. The State itself bears the 



^ See the Protestant Declaration. 

' The Declaratioa itself is quite suflScient. But abundant evi« 
dence of the fact is elsewhere preserved. 



150 THE DAY-STAE. 

name' of a Kornan Catholic queen.' Of the six 
hundreds of this small county, in 1650, five had 
the prefix of St. Sixty tracts and manors, most of 
them taken up at a very early period, bear the 
same Roman Catholic mark.' The villages and 



^ It was once very often written " Marie-Land ;" and St Mary's, 
not unfrequently " Saint Marie's." " Terra-Marias " is the name 
given to the province in the Latin Charter. 

^ Henrietta Mariah, the wife of Charles the First, and daughter 
of Henry the Fourth, the great king of France — a name given 
also to a daughter of Capt. Neale (a favorite of the Crown), 
through whom the Lloyds, the Tilghmans, and many of the other 
most distinguished Protestant families of the province, derived 
the best Roman Catholic blood. The name itself has come down 
through the same channel, consecrated by the recollections and 
traditions of many generations ; cherished in the memory, and 
enshrined in the heart of more than one living descendant of the 
Neales. 

^ I have easily counted this number ; and am satisfied they are 
not all — to say nothing of many more taken up in Charles, by 
colonists living there in 1649, and before that county was carved 
out of St. Mary's. It is, of course, not certain that every one was 
surveyed for a Roman Catholic ; nor have many of the well- 
known FbOman Catholic estates any prefix. But who can doubt 
the historical value of such general evidence in estimating num- 
bers or masses, or deny that '• St. Peter's Key," "St. Peter's Hill," 
or most of the other tracts of this class were taken up by the mem- 
bers of the Roman Catholic Church? See Rent Roll for St. 
Mary's and Charles, Vol. 1 and 2. In the county of Anne Arundel, 



BKIGH-TAM-MOUGH AND COUNA-WEZA.. 151 

creeks, to this day, attest the wide-spread preva- 
lence of the same tastes, sentiments, and sympa- 
thies. Not long after the passage of the " Act " 
relating to " religion," the Protestants, it is admit- 
ted, outgrew their Eoman Catholic brethren ; and, 
in 1689, succeeded very easily in their attempt to 
overthrow the proprietary. But judging from the 
composition of the juries, in 1655, we see no rea- 
son to believe they then had a majority. In the 
trial of the Piscataway Indians,' during the year 



the original seat of the Puritans (but soon after the home of the 
Quakers and of other Protestants), and at the date of the Rent 
Roll I have consulted, several times the area of St. Mary's, there 
were but three estates with the prefix 1 And each of these, it 
appears, was taken up by gentlemen, who from evidence aliunde, 
were Roman Catholics. 

' Skigh-tani-mough and Couna-weza. They were tried at the 
September Term of the Provincial Court, at St. Mary's, for the 
murder of two negro servants. Gov. Stone, the Chief Justice, 
presided 5 the Attorney-General, Mr. Hatton, conducted the pro- 
secution ; and Mr. Feuwick was the foreman of the Jury. The 
scene of the murder was nrjar South River ; and the servants, as 
well as the plantation where the deed was done, belonged to 
Capt. Daniel Gookins— a name distinguished in the early history 
of New England. Mary, the servant, who had escaped, notwith- 
standing the severity of her wound, was the chief witness. But 
Warcosse, the Emperor, had sent down to St, Mary's some arti- 
cles found in the possession of the suspected Indians, and which, it 



152 TEE DAY-STAS. 

1653— -a case where religious bias, we may sup- 
pose, could exert but little influence on tlie selec- 
tion of the jurors — it would be safe to assert, that, 
at least, twelve (or one-half of the panel) were 
Eoman Catholics.' In the cases of Kobert Holt, 



was known, had belonged to Capt. Gookins. And the Indians, 
who spoke through interpreters, confessed at the trial they were 
present at the murder — at one moment admitting, at the next 
denying their guilt : " fearful, and desiring," says the record, " to 
conceal " it. They were convicted, sentenced, and executed on 
the same day. For the trial of the case, see Lib. No. 1, pp. 
482-485. 

* The Jurors were Cuthbert Fenwick, Wm. Bretton, Edward 
Packer, Philip Land, Wm. Evans, Richard Hoskins, Wm. Johnson, 
John Medley, Richard Willan, Henry Adams, James Langworth, 
John Thimblebee, Nicholas Gwyther, John Steerman, Richard 
Banks, John Lawson, Robt. Cadger, John Nichols, Daniel Clocker, 
Wm. Edwine, John Taylor, John Harwood, Zachary Wade, and 
Thomas Sympson. There is strong reason for the opinion, that 
the first twelve were Roman Catholics ; and that eight of the 
other twelve were Protestants : i. <?. Messrs. John Steerman, Richard 
Banks, John Lawson, Robt. Cadger, John Nichols, Daniel Clocker, 
Wm. Edwine, and John Taylor. The faith of the remaining four 
is a matter of doubt. See Appendix, No. 3. This trial, we also 
know, occurred after the arrival of the Puritans, and the influx of 
other Protestant population. The Roman Catholic, therefore, 
was comparatively a weaker element, in September, 1653, than 
in the month of April, 1649. But even then it was probably 
stronger than the whole combination of the Episcopal with the 
Puritan, and other Protestant elements. There cannot be a doubt, 



CASES OF HOLT AND WILKINSON. 153 

and the Kev. Wm. Wilkinson,' in 1659, evidence 
of the strongest character appears. For the trial 

so far as regards St. Mary's County — the only one involved in the 
main point of the inquiry. 

* Indicted, the one for " bigamy ;" the other as an " accessary." 
See Lib. S. 1658 to 16G2, Judgments, pp. 200-201. They were 
indicted separately ; but it Nvas proposed to try them before the 
same jury. And they both lived in St. George's. See Indict- 
ment. Mr. Thomas Hynson, the ancestor of the Ilynsons of 
Chestertown, was the foreman of the Grand Jury ; and Mr. Thos. 
Ringgold, from whom so many gentlemen of the same county, 
and elsewhere, have derived their intermediate ancestry, was the 
foreman of the trial Jury. The cases are extraordinary ; and the 
degree of Mr. Wilkinson's sin presents a difficult question for the 
casuist. Holt is indicted for marrying Christiana Bonnefield 
during the life-time of his "lawful wife ;" and Parson Wilkinson 
for feloniously joining the parties, "after he had divorced ye said 
Robert Holt." The reverend gentleman "saith, that he did 
join" them "in marriage ;" " but denyeth yt he did any thing by 
way of divorce ;" " notwithstanding confesseth y t he drew, and 
signed as a witness," the paper containing " a release of all claim 
of marriage " " to the said Robert ;" upon a confession, from the 
wife, of two distinct deeds of infidelity ; and her subsequent 
" refusal to be reconciled." There is no doubt of the fact, that 
the parson violated the civil law. But how far he was guilty, in 
a religious sense (upon proof, if any, of the wife's bad faith), 
would depend, not only upon the soundness of the Roman Catho- 
lic theory, which elevates monogamy to the dignity of a sacra- 
ment, but also upon the condition of parties living in a sort of 
wilderness — the Bishop of London having no power, under the 
laws of England, to dissolve the bond — the Parliament, without 
any practical or real jurisdiction over the case — the Provincial 



154 THE DAY-STAK. 

of these cases, twelve fit Protestants conlcl not be 
found at the provincial court' held at St. Mary's, 
and usually thronged at that period with crowds of 
appellants and appellees ; with witnesses in civil and 
in criminal proceedings ; Avith spectators, and many 
other residents of the province !^ Immediately 

Assembly never granting a divorce a vinculo for any cause what- 
ever — and the English Church having no higher representative, 
or depositary of her authority, in this province, than the clergy- 
man indicted. I am quite sure* the legislature did not grant 
divorces at that time. I have no recollection, indeed, at this 
moment, of a single case under either of the first two proprie- 
taries, during the sixty years before the removal of the govern- 
ment to Annapolis. And I do not see how Lord Baltimore* 
consistently with his faith in the Church of Rome, could appprove 
of the dissolution of a marriage. 

^ The fondness for law-suits, mingled with a veneration for 
judicial authority, was a striking characteristic of our ancestors. 
The most trifling disputes were submitted to the magistrates of the 
county, and afterwards to the Appellate Court of the province- 
St. Mary's, where the Court sat, was the great place of resort ; 
the centre of news ; and the scene of the most important business 
transactions. 

^ The jurors summoned for the trial were Mr. Thomas Ringgold, 
Robert Cadger, Nicholas Young, Daniel Clocker, William Hewes, 
Thomas Cadger, James Veitch, Thomas South, John Hamilton, 
Thomas Belcher, PLobert Blunkhome, and Hugh Bemin. After 
the reading of the indictment, " the prisoners allege, yt this jury 
*' is a very weak jury to go upon so weighty a business (they being 
' so nearly-concerned therein) as life and death. And there being 



OVERZEE VS. C0RNWALLI3. 155 

afterwards a verdict, in another case/ was given by 
a jury taken, apparently, from the by-standers, and 
consisting of not less than six Roman Catholics. 
nor more than two Protestants ^ (one, if not both, 
non-residents of St. Mary's county), exclusive of 
the four, who had been summoned in the cases of 
Messrs. Holt and Wilkinson. 

" few others present in court but what are Catholics, which the 
*' prisoners afore requested might not be warned on the jury, desir- 
" ing that a Protestant jury might pass on them, and which the 
" governor consented unto, as most reasonable " (see pp. 200-201) ; 
" bail " is therefore ordered for their appearance at the next term, 
the governor himself becoming Mr. Wilkinson's security. But a 
few days later, a proclamation was issued in favor of Richard, 
the son of the Lord Protector, including a pardon of all persona 
indicted or convicted. P. 215. 

* The case Overzee vs. Cornvvallis. 

' The jurors in this case, it would seem, were summoned upon 
the spur of the moment, and without the least difficulty. The 
Roman Catholic jurors (their faith could easily be proved by the 
testamentary and other records) were James Lindsey, James 
Langworth, Henry Adams, Richard Will, Philip Land, and a 
sixth, whose name I do not this moment remember ; the four 
taken from the panel in Holt's case (all Protestants) were 
Thomas Ringgold, Thomas South (both, I think, residents of 
Kent), Thomas Belcher, and James Veitch 5 and the remaining 
two were Mr. Thomas Hynson, and Capt. Sampson Waring. See 
p. 201. We might also take, at randon, a jury, on p. 188 ; and 
from various records conclusively show, that one-half, if not more 
of them, wi^re members of the church of Rome. 



156 THE DAY-STAH. 

But the wills furnish the best clew to the faith 
of our early ancestors — ^precious memorials of the 
past — ripe liarvest-fielcis of rich historical lore — 
giving us the best glimpse of our primitive life and 
manners — and bringing us into close and living 
sympathy with the state of society, two hundred 
years ago. But more beautiful are they than pre- 
cious. For they touch our hearts. They breathe 
the sj)irit of parental affection, in all its depth and 
wild intensity. They point from the rude home, 
where the weary pilgrim of the forest lies down to 
die in his humility, to a bright and everlasting 
mansion prepared for him in the skies ! This day, 
they speak — voices from the dead — a willing testi- 
mony to a mighty truth in the history of a conti- 
nent, and to a sublime doctrine of the Christian 
religion! More of them emanate from a Boman 
Catholic than from a Protestant source. The will 
of William Smith, one of the original pilgrims of 
1634, appears upon the first page of the oldest 
testamentory record at Annapolis; and contains 
the living evidence of his faith in the church of 
Eome. It would be difiicult to give all the 
recorded confessions, or the half of those little tes- 



ROMAN CATHOLIC WILLS. 15T 

timonials of love and fidelity, which were be- 
queathed to the same church, during the fifty 
years Bucceeding the settlement at St. Mary's. 
But it will be sufiicient to say, the Koman Catholic 
greatly exceed the number of Protestant wills ;* 
and of the latter (or those having any sort of anti- 
Eoman-Catholic mark), many are signed by the 
Quakers — a denomination, of whom there is no 
trace upon the provincial records, as early as 1649. 
Counting the suitors and freeholders of the dif- 
ferent manors, with all the indented white servants, 
it is highly probable, that every hundred of St. 
Mary's county, except St. George's, had a majority 
of Eoman Catholics, in 1649. Excluding the ser- 
vants (a large class, at that time), there can be lit- 
tle doubt upon the point of mere numbers, and 

^ I have examined most of the wills anterior to 1650, including 
those from Kent Island. And as far as any result may be based 
upon so general an inquiry, I find the Roman Catholic (or those 
either having upon their face a Roman Catholic mark, or known 
from other evidence to have been signed by Roman Catholics) bear 
to the Protestant wills in both counties, a ratio of not loss than 
four to one. Messrs. Fenwick and Manners are the only burgesses 
of the Assembly in 1019, whose wills are preserved. It is not 
unworthy of note, that both papers are strongly marked Roman 
Catholic ones. 



158 THE DAY-STAR. 

none whatever with regard to superior influence. 
Even, in 1650, St. Mary's hundred was represented 
by two disciples of the Eoman church ; and there 
also was the seat of the proprietary's government. 
In St. Michael's, were the three manors of 
Governor Leonard Calvert, to say nothing of other 
evidence. Doctor Thomas Gerard was the lord of 
two large manors, in St. Clement's ; and Newtown 
had more estates with the prefix of jSV than any 
hundred erected before or after the year 1649. 
St. Inigo's was probably not carved out either of 
St. Mary's, or of St. Michael's, before the year 
1650 ; but included a manor held by the missiona- 
ries as early as 1639,^ with the manor-house,' or 
supposed seat of one of the interesting little 
Roman Catholic missions. 

E'or ought the activity of many of the priests, 
in converting the Protestants ; or the large number 
of emigrants they also had introduced ;* be omit- 

* Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, Newtowa hua 
dred. 

^ See Rent Roll, St. Inigo's manor. 

' St. Inigo's House was the residence of Father Copley. See 
Lib. No. 1, pp. 212-13, and p. 500. 

* They transported (see Governor Green's testimony, Lib. No. 



THE JESUIT FATHERS. 159 

ted in this outline of the evidence. For some of 
the methods they adopted in the propagation of 
their faith, writers of a different church have cen- 
sured them. Bat the very reproach implies a con- 
cession. Before the year 1649, they labored Avith 
their lay-assistants, in various fields ;' and around 
their lives will for ever glow a bright and glorious 
remembrance. Their pathway was through the 
desert; and their first chapel, the wigwam of an 
Indian.^ Two of them were here, at the dawn of 



1, p. 166) not less than sixty persons — most of them, we may 
presume, Roman Catholics, either before or after their arrival. 

^ We have no complete catalogue of the Roman Catholic Mis- 
sionaries, who arrived before the year 1649. But the following 
embraces nearly all : The Reverend Messrs. Andrew White (styled 
not untruly " The Apostle of Maryland -') ; John Altham ; a third 
not named, in 1635 ; Thomas Copley; Ferdinando Pulton ; Father 
Ferret, the year of whose arrival is involved in doubt ; John 
Brock, whose real paternal name, it is said, was Morgan ; Philip 
Fisher, and Roger Rigbie. John Knoles, Thomas Gervass, and 
Mr. Morley, were three of the temporal coadjutors, or lay-brothers. 
The Rev. Lawrence Starkie, another Jesuit Missionary, came soon 
after the Assembly of 1649 ; probably about the time of Parson 
Wilkinson's arrival. 

' I speak, not figuratively, but in a strictly historical sense. 
Obtaining the consent of the aboriginal occupant, they fitted up 
the little hut, the best manner their means would allow, and 
called it " The First Chapel in Maryland." See Campbell. 



160 THE DAY-STAR. 

our history:' they came to St. Mary's with the 
original emigrants ; they assisted, by pious rites, in 
laying the corner-stone of a State ; they kindled 
the torch of civilization in the wilderness; they 
gave consolation to the grief-stricken pilgrim ; they 
taught the religion of CHEIST to the simple sons 
of the forest. The history of Maryland presents 
no better, no purer, no more sublime lesson than 
the story of the toils, sacrifices, and successes of 
her early missionaries." 

Looking, then, at the question, under both of its 
aspects — regarding the faith, either of the dele- 
gates, or of those whom they substantially repre- 
sented — we cannot but award the chief honor to 
the members of the Koman church. To the 
Koman Catholic freemen of Maryland, is justly 



^ The Jesuit Fathers, who came in 1C34, were the Rev. Messrs. 
White and Altham. The same year, also, arrived John Knoles, 
and Thomas Gervass. See Campbell's Missions, and McSherry-s 
Maryland. 

2 Honor to the memory of the Rev. Mr. MeSherry, and of Col. 
Barney U. Campbell, for their labors in this department of our 
history. Maryland owes a debt of gratitude ; while the lovers of 
learning, in other States, will not fail to cherish a grateful esti- 
mate of their contributions to our literature. 



HONOR DUE TO THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 161 

due the main credit arising from the establishment, 
by a solemn legislative act, of religious freedom 
for all believers in Christianity. 



162 THE DAY-STAR. 



CHAPTEE XY. 

Cecilius, the Lord Proprietary. His Life, Character, and Family. 

If the founders of our ]3olitical liberty — if the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence — now 
receive the admiration and the homage of the 
civilized world ; the early law-givers of Maryland 
— the originators of our religious freedom — have 
clearly a right to some place upon the page of 
American history. 

Happily for the present generation, something is 
yet known, not only of the proprietary and the 
first governor, but also of almost every member of 
the Assembly, in 16^9. 

The Calverts of England derived their descent 
from a Flemish noble family. Their armorial 
bearings are traced to a very remote period ; but 
the meritorious services, for which they were 
granted, or the honorable deeds they commemo- 
rated, cannot now be fully ascertained. They are : 
jpaly of six^ or and sable ^ a hend coimterchanged ; 



CECILIU8. 1^3 

and were engraved upon the early seal of the 
province/ occupying the lirst and fourth quarters 
of the escutcheon. They are also borne by the 
English Calvej'ts now living at Albury Hall, and 
at Hunsdon in Herts.^ And they reappear, after 
the lapse of many years, upon the present seal of the 
State. George, the father of Cecilius, was born in 
Yorkshire, about the year 1582. He represented 
that county in the Parliament in 1620 ; and Oxford at 
a later period. He held, at various times, the posts 
of private secretary to Sir Robert Cecil ; clerk to 
the privy council ; and one of the secretaries of 
state. In 1617 he was knighted ; ' and about 1625 
created Baron of Baltimore. He was a member 
of the Virginia Company, in 1609 ; and at a much 
later period, received the charter for a part of 

^ According to Lord Baltimore's instruction (see the Com- 
mission for the Great Seal, Bosman, vol. 2, p. 652), six pieces 
were requisite. But upon the provincial Seal, there were, in 
point of fact, but five — the result, I presume of the engraver's 
mistalie or carelessness— and a defect, I find, perpetuated by our 
new Seal, which follows the provincial too closely in that, but 
not enough so, it strikes me, in some other particulars — an opinion 
submitted with unaffected diffidence. 

^ Burke's Dictionary of the Landed Gentry. 

' Kennedy's First Lord Baltimore. * 



164 THE DAT-STAE. 

Newfoundland, where he attempted to plant a 
colony. Disheartened with the enterprise, he went 
to Virginia ; but finding he was there required to 
take an oath inconsistent with his fidelity to the 
church of Rome, he returned to England, after a 
survey of the country bordering upon the Chesa- 
peake ; and shortly before his death, obtained the 
promise of a charter for the province of Maryland, 
and which was given to his son. 

Cecilius had imbibed the spirit of his father. 
And faithfully did he carry out the noble design. 
The respect which is due to his memory, arises not 
only from the part he performed in laying the 
foundations of religious liberty; but also from 
the liberal policy he adopted, in the establish- 
ment and government of the colony in every other 
particular. During the first few years, he ex- 
pended upwards of forty thousand pounds sterling 
— a very large sum at that time. The lands he 
granted to the emigrants upon easy conditions, and 
at a rent almost nominal.^ And, although he 
manifested no sympathy with republicanism, in its 
present sense (the supposition betrays, indeed, a 

Kilty's Landholder's Assistant, pp. 29-45. 



csciLits. 165 

great aosurditv), the whole administration was 
distinguished for its mild, and just, its beneficent, 
and paternal character. Tradition, also, has given 
him the appellation of Pater PatricBo And the jour- 
nal of the Assembly,^ the proceedings of the courts, 
the frequent acts of executive clemency, and the 
admissions even of Protestants^ are full of the 
strongest and most interesting testimony. As the 
patron of the early Roman Catholic missions, he 
also has a claim upon our regards. Could any- 
thing have been conceived in the spirit of a more 
sublime charity ? Singular, also, was the sense of 
justice, which marked his conduct in everything 
relating to the aborigines. The Indians looked up 
to him as their patriarch. The chiefs upon the 
Piscataway, and upon other streams, were accus- 
tomed to submit their gravest questions to the 
decision of his government. To them, as well as 
to the colonists, was he indeed a guardian ; temper- 
ing justice with mercy in every case compatible 
with the principles of order, and with the great 
ends of civil society. " Halcyon " ' was the period ; 

^ McMahoa's Maryland. 

' A word used by many Protestants, soon after the overthrow 



166 THE DAY-STAR. 

and happy the people. Unfortunately for his 
memory, no artist has yet arisen to do him histori- 
cal justice. The scene at Yaocomico^ upon the 
landing of the Maryland pilgrims, is not unworthy 
of the pencil of a West ; and the other treaties of 
of Lord Baltimore with the Indians, do not lack 
the dignity of the one signed at Sliakamaxon^ and 
which has given such wide celebrity to the vene- 
rable name of Penn. 

It is painful to think of the case of Col. Clay- 
borne. His heroism was unquestionable ; and his 
motive in founding a colony upon an island of the 
Chesapeake, was of the most honorable character. 
His fate was hard ; and history has done injustice 
to his memory. The friends of historical learning 
are indebted to the late labors of a gentleman now 
living at Baltimore ; ^ and for the light he has shed 
upon the controversy, I also am under much obli- 

of the proprietary's government, in 1689 ; and applicable to the 
days of Cecilius as well as to those of Charles. 

^ Subsequently St. Mary's. The Proprietary, it is needless to 
add, was not personally present ; but the spirit of his policy was 
fairly represented by his brother, Gov. Calvert. 

* Where a part of Philadelphia now stands. 

' Mr. S. F. Streeter. 



cEciLnj&« 16T 

gation. It seems the principle upon whicli the 
founder of the Kent Island settlement had based 
his claim, was not without some support, in a 
clause of the Maryland charter.' It appears, also, 
with great force, in the case of the early Dutch and 
Swedish settlen>ents upon the Delaware ; and in the 
one decided about a century later, it is indirectly 
sanctioned, so far as regards the ground of prior 
occupancy, by the celebrated opinion of an English 
chancellor." But Clayborne, unlike Penn, never 
had a charter. The contest in Maryland was 
bitter and bloody. Both settlements had suffered 
much misery and loss. And upon Clayborne's 
own appeal to the authorities of the English gov- 
ernment, the course of the proprietary upon the 
main point, was sustained. The claimant from 
Virginia committed another error. He con- 

^ Clayborne founded his settlement before the arrival of the 
Pilgrims at St. Mary's, or even the date of Lord Baltimore's char- 
ter, which did not, in clear language, include any colonized terri- 
tory. The claim of the Swedes upon the Delaware also embraced 
within the Maryland charter (as far up as the fortieth degree 
including the site of Philadelphia), was partly based upon the 
same ground as that of Clayborne. 

" Lord Hardwick. See Reports, 1 Vesey, Sr., pp. 444-456. This 
decision virtually settled the long and tedious controversy between 
Marvland and Pennsylvania. 



168 THE DAT-STAE. 

founded the question of jurisdiction with the right 
to the soil ; and Maryland could not consent to the 
exercise by Yirginia of any sovereignty over the 
Isle of Kent. E'or was Clayborne, as the occupant 
of land there, justified in retaining his alle- 
giance to the government at Jamestown. At 
the origin of his settlement, our sister colony, it 
will be remembered, existed by the sufferance, or 
at best by the guardianship of the Enghsh crown.' 
And there is no evidence whatever of the pro- 
prietary's unwillingness at the beginning of the 
controversy, to grant, upon the proper application, 
a full confirmation of the title to every tract the 
secretary of Virginia had reclaimed from the wil- 
derness. The purchase from the Indians was not 
sufficient.* 

Cecilius died in 1675. As early, however, as 
1662,. he sent Charles, his son and heir, who lived 

^ It has been said, the charter to Lord Baltimore for territory 
within the original limits of Virginia invaded the rights of that 
ct)lony. But the one given to Virginia was talien away, however 
unjustly, before the date of Lord Baltimore's. 

' It was against a well established principle in the policy of 
nations, to recognize a title, without a previous sanction from the 
Crown, of which the purchaser was a subject. Such is also the 
law of the United States. 



CECILIUS. 169 

many years in the province, a part of tlie time at 
Mattapany-Sewall ; ' sharing the fortunes of the 
other colonists ; and marrying the widow ^ of one of 
the most distinguished; giving evidence of those 
noble qualities, which had rendered the memory of 
the first proprietary so dear to the people of Mary- 
land ; and amxid many embarrassments, leaving, 
both as a governor and a pix)prietary, the indelible 
foot-prints of an able, a wise, and a just administra- 
tion. From Charles is traced the descent of the 
other proprietaries^ now represented by the Cal- 

* Near the mouth of the Patuxent, originally the dwelling-place 
the Mattapanients (one of the most friendly tribes of Maryland) ; 
next, the storehouse of the Jesuit Jrissions; but subsequently 
relinquished by the Missionaries ; and given by the Proprietary to 
the Hon. Henry Sewali, the privy councillor. The Mansion 
during Lord Charles Baltimore's residence, was the Government 
House of the Province. There, also, once stood a fort and a 
magazine. 

' Jane, the widow of the Honorable Henry Sewali, the privy 
councillor, and the ancestor of the Sewalls of Mattapany-Sewall, 
including the descendants at Poplar-Hill, Prince George's County. 

' The errors of Lodge (see his •' Irish Peerage ") were perpetuated 
by the " London Magazine " of June 1768 ; and some of the mem- 
bers of the family, art this time, are under the impression that 
John, instead of Charles, was the third baron of Baltimore. The 
following statement consists of facts derived from the provincial 
records, from the State Law Reports, and from other sources of 

8 



170 THE DAY-STAE. 

verts of Prince George's County — George and his 
brothers being the grandsons of Benedict, the son 
of the fifth baron/ and who bore the baton in his 
escutcheon. Mount Airy, in the same county, has 
been the family seat, for several generations. May 
it long remain the home of the Calverts 1 * 

the most reliable character. George was the first baron ; CecUius 
the second baron and the first lord proprietary ; Charles I. the 
third baron and second proprietary ; Benedict Leonard, the fourth 
baron and third proprietary ; Charles 11., the fifth baron and fourth 
proprietary ; and Frederick, the fifth proprietary ; at whose death, 
for want of legal issue, the barony became extinct ; but he gave 
the lord-proprietaryship to his natural son, Henry Harford, a 
highly accomplished gentleman, and whose authority, at the 
period of the American Revolution, was represented by Governor 
Robert Eden. 

* There is also a branch at Riversdale, near "Washington ; and 
another at Newport, R. I. ; both offshoots from Mount Airy. 

' Nelly, the daughter of Benedict, was married to Mr. Custis, 
The letter of General "Washington, the guardian of the gentleman 
who had sought her hand, is published in Sparks's Collection, vol. 
2, p. 371. 



GOYERNOR CALYERT, 171 



CHAPTEE XYL 

Governor Leonard Calvert^ 

The planting of a colony, amid tlie dangers and 
privations of a wilderness, from the most ancient to 
a comparatively modern period, assumed a high 
rank among the "heroical works''^ of man. In 
the history of Maryland, we see the union of the 
hero with the pilgrim ; the combination of a mis- 
sion derived from the laws of human destiny, and 
expressly given before the Fall, with the magnifi- 
cent and sublime sentiment, which soon became a 
living embodiment, under the form of religious 
liberty. The first of the spirits who personally 
took part in the noble adventure, and the chief of 
the original pilgrims, was Gov. Leonard Calvert.' 
The brother of the proprietary — young, but dis- 

* Lord Bacon. 

' He also bore the baton in his escutcheon. See Hildretb, Vol. L 
p. 209. 



172 THE BAY-STAR. 

creet ; full of confidence in his own stfengtli, yet 
fondly relying npon a higher power ; devoting his 
life and fortuneSj in the most energetic and honor- 
able manner, to the task of guiding and protecting 
the little band of emigrants— he seems to have pre- 
sented a practical exemplification of that beautiful 
conception J which pervades the bosom of . the 
idealist in every age ; representing the ruler of a 
grateful people, under the striking similitude of a 
shepherd. The visions of childhood are dispelled 
by the sober sense of manhood. But youth is the 
type of a cheerful spirit, and of a hopeful heart— 
the season of daring enterprise, and of heroic 
adventure, At the darkest hour in the fortunes of 
the colony, the soul of young Calvert never des- 
paired. Once driven from the capital by the 
enemies of the proprietary ; he rallied a force in 
Yirginia ; and returning to Maryland, at a propi- 
tious moment, recovered the government, which had 
been wrested from his grasp by the hand of pirates 
and traitors* The proprietary, of a less sanguine 
temperament, had regarded the temporary success 
of Ingle's arms in Maryland, with other untoward 
events, as a knell to the hopes of his colony ; and 



GOVERNOR CALVERT. 173 

a'ccordingly instructed Governor Calvert to gather 
Tip the wreck of his private property ; apparently 
abandoning for ever his rights under the charter/ 
But the courage of Calvert was not subdued ; his 
energy, at the most trying crisis, was not wanting. 
Pledging the personal resources of the proj)rietary, 
and making another effort, he succeeded. To him 
is due the honor of re-establishing the government, 
against the most fearful odds ; and of securing the 
field, which had been lost, for a fair experiment of 
those principles of religious liberty, which have 
since become the pride and boast of Maryland. 
Although his death occurred before the year 1649, 
he occupies a high and honorable place among the 
law-reformers of his age — having exhibited the 
first practical example of toleration, in his twofold 
character of governor and chief justice — in the 
former, exerting the largest discretionary power, 
both under the charter, and also under his commis- 
sion from the proprietary — in the latter, anticipa- 
ting the statute law, and shaping the judicial 
policy of the province, in a manner which 
reflected the liberal spirit of Cecilius. His tomb- 

* McSherry. 

i 



174: THE DAY-STAE. 

stone cannot be found; and our ignorance of the 
spot is a reproach to the living generation of 
Marylanders. But he was *'a great and good 
man," more illustrious for what he founded than 
the most successful generals for what they have^ 
overthrown and destroyed/ The sincerity of his 
faith in the Church of Rome has never been ques- 
tioned.'^ 

^ McSherry. 

' I have no knowledge of his posterity ; and doubt if he was 
ever married, ly ^^i rr^^i^rxA^^ t 'L*.^****.* 



GOVERNOR STONE. 175 



CHAPTEE XVII. 

Governor William Stone. 

The ancestors of Gov. William Stone probably 
resided in ITortliamptonsbire, in England.^ But 
he bad one, if not several kinsmen'^ at London. 

^ His earliest American residence of which I have any recorded 
knowledge, was in Northampton County, Va. ; Nanjemy Eiver, 
upon which stood his manor, in Charles county, Md., bore, about 
the time of the original survey, the name (Lib. No. 12, p. 116) of 
Avon ; and Mr. Thos. Sprigg, of Prince George's county, whom in 
his will (Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 90) he calls " brother," held 
a tract (Liber, Wills, T. B., No. 2, p. 444) also named Northampton 
I am inclined to think, the governor gave the name to Northampton 
county, t, 

' He had (Lib. No. 2, pp. 313, 314) a near relation at London, 
whose very street is given, and whose name was Thomas ; and 
one of the divisions of Nanjemy Manor (called also the Manor of 
Poynton) was bounded (Lib. No. 11, p. 330) by Cheapside creek. 
He had at least two brothers. John also probably lived at London ; 
Mathew, in the province of Maryland. And several families of his 
surname, with distinct armorial bearings, resided at that city. 
With the aid derived from these facts, especially by connecting 
Thomas with the street he lived upon, it would be easy, it strikes 
me, to obtain the further evidence which is no doubt preserved 



176 THE DAT'STAE. 

And we may suppose he came from that city to 
America. He was the high sheriff in one of the 
counties of Yirginia, before he received his com- 
mission from Lord Baltimore. The early part of 
1649, he arrived in Maryland ; and the same year, 
brought six persons into the province.* It seems 
also he took a kind and active part in securing a 
home for the Pnritans from Virginia.^ At the 
Assembly of 1649, he presided over the privy 
councillors, when they sat separately from the 
burgesses ; and over both branches when the mem- 
bers assembled in one body. In 1652, his unhappy 
contest began with the Puritan party.^ The Eng- 



upon the records there, and thus to establish the identity of his 
with one of the other families j as well as to ascertain his own 
arms. For the armorial bearings of the different families of 
Stone, see Burke's General Armory. 

^ Lib. No. 2, p. 425. 

' Such is the opinion of a very respectable atithority. It is also 
certain (see his commission for the ofifice of governor, in Bozman) 
that he had undertaken to introduce 500 persons. But I have 
never seen the proof of the fulfilment of his engagement, nor the 
reasons of his failure. 

' Many of the facts of this sketch not directly taken from 
the Records, will be found in Bozman's Maryland, to which I must 
refer my readers for a long but interesting, and in most respects 
strictly accurate account of the controversy. 

V 



GOVERNOR BTONE. 177 

lisli parliament had sent out commissioners, with 
instructions to bring under subjection the colonies 
upon the Chesapeake ; and the governor was ready 
to acknowledge the authority of the home govern- 
ment, as it had been organized without a king or a 
house of lords. But more was exacted. And 
changes rapidly succeeded each other, not without 
violence, and greatly to the distress and disturb- 
ance of the whole province. Acting under in- 
structions from the proprietary, and. aiming to 
re-establish the form of government recognized by 
the charter, he marched from St. Mary's, in 1655, 
at the head of a little army ; and near the site of 
Annapolis was fought a memorable battle,^ in which 
the Puritans exhibited much fanaticism, great 
bravery, and extreme brutality. The governor 
"received a wound in his shoulder;" and most 
of his surviving adherents, including Col. Price, 
surrendered. The victorious party then held a 
court-martial ; passed sentence upon many ; exe- 

* The battlefield, it is supposed, was at the site of Fort Horn, 
nearly opposite Greenbcrry's Point, where stood the first Puritan 
town. See Leonard Strong's " Babylon's Fall," and Langford's 
"Refutation," Ridgely's "Annals," and other authoVities. In 
another note, I have noticed the origin of the town. 

8* 



178 THE DAT-STAR. 

cuted several; and, in cold blood, shot William 
Eltonhead, a privy councillor, a Roman Catholic, 
and a near relation of Mr. Fenwick. Through the 
earnest intercession of some of their own soldiers, 
the governor was rescued from the fate of Charles 
the First ! The estates of the prisoners were next 
sequestered ; heavy and cruel lines inflicted. And 
the governor was one of the greatest sufferers, 
through the agency of the very men whom, but a 
few years before, we have good reason for believing, 
he had so generously befriended. Some time after 
the restoration of the proprietary's government, 
he was a privy councillor ; and, throughout his 
whole life, sustained a high reputation for integrity 
and honor. Soon after his arrival, he lived in St. 
Michael's hundred ; the latter part of his life, upon 
" Poynton Manor," then called ]!!^anjemy; a part 
of which had been granted, in consideration of his 
" good and faithful services." ' At his death, 
which occurred about 1660, he had a house also at 



^ Lib. Q. pp. 179-180. The original patent embraced 5000 acres ; 
and was held of the " honor of West St. Mary's ;" with the usual 
powers and privileges of a manor, including that of holding the 
court-leet and the court-baron. 



GOVERNOR STONE. 1T9 

St. Mary's city. He left many children ; ' whose 
posterity also resided upon the Manor. And most 
of his descendants, like himself/ were Protestants ; 
including the Kt. Eev. "William Murray Stone,' the 
third bishop in the Protestant Episcopal succession 
of Maryland. Many also of his descendants are 
distinguished in the civil and military annals of our 
country — ^Thomas/ his great-great-grandson, having 
signed the Declaration of American Independence ; 
Michael Jenifer, the brother of Thomas, having 



* Verlinda was his wife ; and Thomas, Richard, Elizabeth, John, 
Mathew, Catharine, and Mary, were some of his children. See his 
will (Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 90-93),) where he names also 
his brother-in-law, Francis Doughty ; and Richard, the uncle of 
his son, Richard Stone. 

' See Signers of the Protestant Declaration. 

' Of the eastern-shore branch, quite remote from the present 
representatives in Charles. But the relationship was claimed and 
recognized as late as the life-time of the bishop. 

* Thomas, the grauduncle of Frederick, it is well known, was 
the son of David, who died about 1772. And it can be proved 
from the testamentary, and other records, that David was the 
son of Tliomas, and the grandson of John, the son of the provin- 
cial governor. The principal part of the proof is derived from 
their wills, recorded at Annapolis, and probably at Port Tobacco. 
The ascent also of Thomas, the son of William, may be traced, 
through the grandfather, Thomas, to Governor William, the great- 
grandfather. See their wills. 



180 THE DAY-STAK. 

been a member of the Convention whicli, in 1788, 
ratified the Constitution of the United States ; and 
John, another brother, and who had been wounded 
at Long Island, having held the post of governor, 
in this State, nearly a hundred and fifty years after 
the date of the commission from the proprietary 
for the same office, to William, the emigrant. 
And Frederick, now living at Port Tobacco, and a 
descendant of the sixth degree, through Michael 
Jenifer, from the early provincial governor, is one 
of the commissioners engaged in the grave work 
of reforming the practice of the courts in Mary- 
land. 



GOVERNOR GREEN. 181 



CHAPTEE XYIII. 

Governor Thomas Green. 

GoYERNOR Green was one of the pilgrims of 
1634/ and the intimate friend of Governor Calvert. 
He was a privy councillor, as early as 1639 ; and 
for many subsequent years. The two short periods 
he held the post of governor are involved in too 
much obscurity to warrant any important inference, 
beyond the fact of his sincere attachment to the 
interests of the royal family at home." Governor 
Calvert appointed him, upon his death-bed, simply 
to supply a vacancy, in 1647.^ Under Governor 
Stone's appointment, he was also the chief execu- 
tive, a part of 1619. Of his faith, there is no 
doubt. One of his children was the namesake and 
godson of the first governor." And, in a trust-deed 

' Lib. A. B. & H., p. 67 ; and Lib. No. 1, p. 41. 
^ See the proclamation in favor of Charles the Second, in 1049, 
Bozman, vol. 2, p. 670. 
» Bozman, vol. 2, p. 307. * See Gov. Calvert's will. 



182 THE DAY-STAR. 

to Henry Adams and James Langworth, in 1650, 
he expressly says he is a Roman Catholic ; and 
gives by the same instrument, in testimony of the 
fact, a token of regard for the Rev. Thomas Cop- 
ley.^ He was several times married, and lived, it 
would seem, a short time before his death, in 
Yirginia. He had four sons.' His descendants 
resided in Charles County, at a period not long 
before the American Revolution. And some of 
his posterity' are probably now in the State. We 
have no reason to doubt he was present, in the 
Assembly, during all the important proceedings 
relating to the Toleration Act. 

^ Lib. No. 1, pp. 188-189. 

^ See his deed to Messrs. Adams & Langworth. Their names 
were Thomas, Leonard, Robert, and Francis. He had also a 
brother named Robert. See Lib. No. 2, p. 444. 

' Greea's Inheritance was one of the tracts held by them. 



COL. PRICE. 183 



CHAPTER XIX. 

Colonel John Price. 

The year of Colonel John Price's arrival is 
involved in doubt.' But in 1639,' he represented 
St. Michael's hundred in the General Assembly ; 
and soon rose to eminence, as a soldier. His ser- 
vices are the subject of the proprietary's notice ; 
and as a mark of his merit, he received the com- 
mission of mustermaster-general of the province, 
in 1648.'' The same year, he was appointed a 
privy councillor. He was distinguished for his 
fidelity, during the insurrections and rebellions 
beginning in 1645. And perhaps to his soldier- 
like skill and courage, was Governor Calvert chiefly 
indebted for the recovery of his authority. He 
also had the command of St. Inigo's Fort, at a 

^ Several persons of his name came about the same time. 

^ Bozman. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 652. 



184 THE DAY-STAR. 

very critical period. He was a signer of the 
Protestant declaration in 1650 ; one of the chief 
sufferers, at an advanced stage of his life, under the 
misrule of the Puritans ; ^ and, as a privy council- 
lor, at a subsequent period, sat upon the bench of 
the Provincial Court. He died in 1661. As a 
soldier, a councillor, and a provincial judge, he 
sustained the highest character. Judging from his 
will, he was also a kind master. He bequeathed 
a token of his benevolence to each of the six 
indented white-servants who had lived with him.' 
He was illiterate ; but nature had given him the 
best powers of observation and perception. His 
opinions in council are marked with a candor 
worthy of the knight ; and generally, if not always, 
on the side of a strict conservatism ;^ short, 
indeed, yet full of pith, and directly to the point. 
Tliose upon the bench are equally brief; but still 

^ Lib. No. 3. 

" '' I give and bequeath," he also says, '' unto my loving friend, 
Mr. William Wilkinson, the sum of 350 pounds of tobacco, for the 
preaching of my funeral sermon." His daughter was named Ann. 
See the Will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 141. 

' Witness his pithy opinion against the revolutionary manoeuvre 
of Gov. Fendall. See Council Proceedings. 



COL. PEICE. 185 

distinguished for their strong and clear sense of 
justice. The sword, however, and not the pen, 
was the emblem of his greatest excellence. It 
was in the garrison and the field, rather than at 
the council-board, in the march against the 
Indians more than in the delivery of judicial 
decisions, that we find, he was conspicuous. But 
we have every reason to believe, the part he took 
m the Assembly of 164:9, was in the highest degree 
honorable to his memory. Of the posterity of this 
rude and unlettered, but still genuine cavalier of 
St. George's hundred (for there he resided the 
latter part of his life), nothing is known beyond 
the mention of a daughter in his will. 



186 THE DAY- STAR. 



CHAPTER XX. 

Honorable John Pile. 

The Honorable Jolin Pile ^ was probably a 
native of Wilts. And his residence upon the 
Wicomico, in Maryland, granted for "good and 
acceptable services," consisting of four hundred,* 
but subsequently of a thousand acres,^ bore the 
name of Salisbury.'' It was the home also of his 
posterity for several generations. Before 1648, he 

* The appellation of "Honorable" was given at a very early 
period, to the members of the Privy Council, and to the Judges 
of the Provincial Court. The name of Mr. Pile is, in some places 
upon the Record, spelt Pyle—at others, Pille. 

2 Records of the Land Office, Lib. Q., pp. 447-448. 
' Rent-RoU for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 371. 

* It is generally called *' Sarum " — another name only for the 
old borough in Wilts, where also, about two miles distant, is the 
city of " New-Sarum,'' or Salisbury. In Liber S., 1658 to 1662, 
•'Judgments" (see p. 221), the plantation is called "Salisbury." 
Salisbury was the name also of another tract held by the privy 
councillor's son. See Joseph's will,' Testamentary Records at 
Annapolis, Lib. No. H., pp. 64-65. 



HON. ME. PILE. 187 

ai'rived, with his wife ; ' and under his immediate 
care, during that year, came also the Tettershalls,' 
his relations/ professing the same faith,* and appa- 
rently from the same English county." In 16^9 

' Records of the Land Office, Lib. No. 2, pp. 508-509. His 
wife's name is not given; but it was, no doubt, "Sarah" — the 
name borne by his wife, in 1660. See Records of the Court of 
Appeals, Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 22L 

^ Their names were William and Mary. Records of the Land 
Office, Lib. No. 2, pp. 508-509. 

^ The privy councillor frequently calls William Tettershall his 
" brother." E. g., see Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, " Judgments," p. 1072. 
He also calls Lieut. Col. John Jarboe his " brother." Land Office 
Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 247. 

* William Tettershall's Will (see Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, among 
the Testamentary Records in the Register's Office, at Annapolis) 
contains incontestable evidence of the fact. He also calls Lieut. 
Col. Jarboe (R. Catholic) his "brother." 

* William Tettershall (see his will) mentions his brother John, 
" of Oddstoake, in Wiltshire." It seems also he had two other 
brothers : Lawrence, who lived at the same place, in Wilts, about 
1648 ; and Peter, who resided at "Chidooch," in Dorchester, Eng- 
land. See the deed of his nephew, Edmund Smith, of Maryland, 
to Cuthbert Fenwick, upon the Records of the Land Office, Lib. 
No. 2, p. 439. The Tettershalls of Maryland subsequently lived 
in Prince George's. The supposition, that the Piles came from 
Salisbury, in England, is confirmed not only by the preceding 
facts relating to the Tettershalls, but also by a marriage men- 
tioned in the history of the Pophams, of Littlecott, in Wilts. 
About 1640, Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Francis Popham, was 
married to Sir Gabriel Pile. The residence of Sir Gabriel is not 



188 THE DAY-STAR. 

and 1650, he sat in the privy conncil;* but his 
commission is dated in 1648.^ One of his descen- 
dants, it is said, became a Roman Catholic clergy- 
man ; and another a nun.^ Of the sincerity of 
his own faith, we have the recorded evidence. 
During the ascendency of the Puritans, at the 
period of a bitter persecution, he comes forward ; 
and '^ confesseth himself in court do he a Roman 
CatholiG " — acknowledging " the Pojpe's siqyre- 
raacy.^''^ The time of his death is not known ; nor 
can his will be found. But in 1660, he had three 
children, whose names were Joseph, Ann, and 

stated. But I cannot but think he lived in the same county ; and 
was a relation of the Piles of Maryland. See Burke's Dictionary 
of the Landed Gentry, vol. 2, p. 1058. Constance, the daughter 
of George Tattershall, of Wilts, was married to Wm. Smith. See 
same authority, Vol. 2, p. 1354. There is no history in that work, 
of the Piles of Wilts, nor of any family of the same name. 

^ See certificate prefixed to the Declaratory law of 1G50, 
Records of the Land Office, Lib. No. 3, p. 45. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 650. 
• ' The Testamentary Records also show how fondly attached 
were the Piles of Maryland to the faith of their forefathers. See, 
e, g., the will of Joseph, in 1692. 

* The following is the entry upon the Record of the Provincial 
Court, in the Land Office, for October Term, in 1655 : "John Pyle 
confesseth himself, in court, to be a Roman Catholic ; and hath 
acknowledged the Pope's supremacy." See Lib. No. 3, p. 161. 



HON. MK. HLE. 189 

Mary.' His sou died in 16925^^ gi'^ing Salisbury 
to Joseph, the only grandson, and leaving Sarah 
with two other descendants. His grandson, whose 
will is dated in 1724, divided the family seat 
between the five great-grandchildren, Joseph, 
Bennett, Ann, Elizabeth, and Mary.^ Of Joseph, 
the privy councillor's great-grandson, there is an 
entry npon the records, as late as 1738.* At his 
death, the family, in the male line, it is supposed, 
became extinct. But there are descendants through 
several female representatives. It is said, the blood 
of the privy councillor still flows through the 
veins of the Brents of Louisiana, the descendants 
of Eobert Brent, of Charles County ; and that it is 
also represented by the children of Henry J. 
Carroll, of St. Mary's, in Maryland, 

' Records of the Court of Appeals, in the Armory of the State 
House, Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 221. 

' Will of Joseph Pile, Lib. No. H., pp. 64-65. 

3 Will of Joseph, the grandson. Lib. W. B. No. 1, pp. 312-313. 
The testator also calls John Parnham his " brother." 

* He was one of the witnesses to the will of John Parnham, 
dated la 1738 ; and in which are mentioned John, Francis, Xave- 
rius, Ann Maria, and Elizabeth, the children of the testator, and 
probably the descendants of the privy councillor. 



190 THE DAY-STAR. 



CHAPTEK XXI. 

Captain Robert Vaughan. 

Captain Yaughak held land upon Kent Island,^ 
upon Langford's Bay,'' and upon the Chester 
Eiyer." One of the tracts taken up by him, was 
called ^'Kuerdon," and another "Kimbplton" — the 
name also of a small town in Huntingdonshire, 
England. He was one of the Protestant members* 
of the privy council, in 1649 and 1650. In 1638, 
he held the office of constable' for St. George's 
hundred, in St. Mary's County — a post, at that 
time, not below the dignity of a gentleman. In 
1642, he was one of the representatives^ in the 
General Assembly, from the Isle of Kent. He 

^ Rent Roll for Talbot and Queen Anne's, vol. 2, fol. 299. 
' Records of the Land Office, Lib. Q. p. 333. 
•Lib. Q., p. 338. 

* See his signature to the Protestant Declaration. 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p. 45. 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 215. 



CAPT. TATJGHAN. 191 

also represented tlie Island, during many subse- 
quent sessions of the Legislature. In 1647, he was 
the commander/ or viceroy, of Kent. In 1648, he 
received two commissions^ from the proprietary— 
the one investing him with the office of a privy 
councillor ; the other re-appointing him to the post 
of commander. In the latter, there is a strong testi- 
mony to his " fidelity, courage," and " wisdom," 
during the "insurrection" of Capt. Ingle, and his 
accomplices. About the first of ITovember, during 
the same year, he was removed from the com- 
mandership of the Island,^ in consequence of his 
disrespectful language towards Governor Green ; 
but re-instated, upon the ofi'er of an apology. 
Having become involved in a dispute with the 
commissioners of the County Court, he asked and 
received their forgiveness also." In 1652, com- 
plaints were expressed by the inhabitants of the 
Island."* We cannot say what they were. But he 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p. 304. ' Bozman, vol. 2, pp. 649 and 653. 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p. 660-6G1. 

* See Record of the County Court, at Chestertown, in the 
Clerk's OflBce, marked " Court Proceedings '' (a fragment only of 
it remains), and beginning in the year " 1647." 

' See Bozmaa. vol. 2. p 453-454. But Mr. Bozman is mistaken 



THE DAY'STAR. 

was soon afterwards removed from the office of 
commander, by Eichard Bennett, and the other 
commissioners appointed by Governor Stone. The 
office he had held, somewhat analogous to that of 
lieutenant-general, was one of the most honorable 
within the limits of the province.' He had exer- 
cised the power of granting land-warrants; but 
failed to transmit a copy of his record' — an omis- 
sion which nothing could justify, and which we 
can excuse ^ only, upon the supposition then pre va- 



in supposing Capt. Vaughan was not removed by the commis- 
sioners. See the preceding " Court Proceedings," at Chestertown, 
beginning in " 1647." The Record does not, indeed, contain the 
charges or tke trial. But we will find there the order of the 
commissioners displacing Capt. Vaughan. 

^ In the commission of 1648 (see Bozman, vol. 2, p. 653), he 
was clothed with the power of selecting his councillors ; of hold- 
ing courts, whenever there was a necessity ; of deciding all civil 
cases "not exceeding" ten pounds sterling; and of disposing of 
all criminal ©nes " determined by any justice of the peace in 
England," in the "courts of session, not extending to life or 
member." Some of the early commissions conferred also a great 
deal of military and executive authority. See Bozman for a copy 
of these commissions. 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 460-463. 

' In extenuation of Capt. Vaughan's delinquency, it may be 
added, that the commander of Anne Arundel also failed to trans- 
mit a copy of his proceedings. And even the surveyor-general, 



CAPT. VAUGHAN, 193 

lent in the province, that the English government 
had resolved to deprive the proprietary of his 
lawful authority. The power to grant warrants 
was, therefore, revoked by Governor Stone, the 
latter part of 1652,' The date of Capt. Yaughan's 
death cannot be given. But he left two children : 
William,^ who died in 1684 ; and Mary, the wife 
of Major James Einggold,^ of Huntingfield. Wil- 



Robert Clarke, a Roman Catholic, did Rot make a due return, in 
1.652, of the certificates from that couuiy, and from Kent. 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p, 463. 

'^ The will of William Vaughan is recorded in Lib. G. See p. 64. 
He desires his friends to bury him " near ye body of his deceased 
father ;" requests Major Ringgold to be the " guardian " to his two 
little children 5 and gives his daughter a tract of 200 acres upon 
the Island, and which is still called '^ Parson's Point ;" but does 
not name either of the children — speaking of them, simply, as his 
"son" and "daughter." He divides the rest of the estate 
between his wife and two children. 

^ The following is an extract (see Lib. G., pp, 232-233) from the 
will of Major Ringgold: '*1 give and bequeath unto my son, 
James Ringgold, the plantation I now live on, provided that my 
Bon, Thomas Ringgold, shall refuse to set him out 300 acres of 
land, at the northernmost bounds of GOO acres of land given by my 
father, Thomas Ringgold, deceased, unto my said son Thomas, 
before his death. And whereas my son, James Ringgold, is now 
the heir apparent unto Captain Robert Vaughan, late of Kent 
County, deceased — being the eldest son of the now only daughter, 
and heir of him, the said Vaughan — my will and intent is, that in 

9 



1.94 THE DAY-STAE. 

iiain also left two children, who both died without 
Issue. But the priyy councillor was represented 
by James/ the son of Major Einggold, and who 
died upon Kent Island, about 1705, leaving three 
children.' 

case he, the said James, comes to enjoy the same, that then ray 
aforesaid plaatation mentioned in this fourth Article, as also the 
300 mentioned in the same Article, be and remain wholly to my 
son, Thomas Ringgold, and his heirs, for ever." Thomas, it would 
seem, was the son by a previous marriage. "William, John, and 
Charles, appear to be full brothers of James. 

^ The will of James Ringgold, of Kent Island, then a part cf 
Talbot County, is dated in 1704. See Lib. T. B. No. 2, p. 660, 
He names his three children, Moses, Mary, and James. 

' Thomas, the emigrant, and the ancestor of the Ringgolds af 
Kent Island, of Huntingfield, of Chestertown, and of Fountain- 
Rock, resided upon the Island, was a cotenporary of Captaia 
Vaughan, and sustained a responsible position upon the bench of 
the County Court. His son, Major James Ringgold, about 1680, 
founded New Yarmouth, which stood upon Gray's Inn Creek, and 
where the courts of the county were once held. For a period of 
more than two hundred years, the Ringgolds have been one of the 
leading families of Maryland. They are distinguished in the his- 
tory of our colonization, and of the early provincial commerce 
upon the Chester. At the period of the American Revolution, 
they were conspicuous for their patriotism. They have been 
represented in the Hall of Congress ; and upon the field of battle. 



HON. MR. CLAUSE. 195 



CHAPTER XXn. 

The Honorable Robert Clarke, 

The Honorable Robert Clarke arrived witbin 
four years ^ of tbe settlement at St. Mary's; and, in 
tbe sbipment of goods for tbe Indian trade, be 
represented a Roman Catbolic missionary, as early 
as 1639." Tbe same year, be sat as a freeman in 
tbe legislature ; ^ tbe following, was a deputy sur- 
veyor ;"* and in 1649, tbe surveyor-general of tbe 
province." He was not included in tbe commis- 
sion of 1648 for tbe privy council. But tbere is 

* One of the records states he came in 1637 ; another, in 1633. 
See Land Office Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 71 ; and Lib. No. 2, p. 425. 

' The Reverend Thomas Copley. Land Office Records, Lib. 
No. 2, p. 38. 

* An individual, not a delegate. Into some of our early assem- 
blies, the representative system was but partially Introduced. 
Bozman, vol. 2, p. 103. 

* Lib. No. 1, p. 72. 

* The commission (see Bozman, Vol. 2, p. 339) is dated in 1648 ; 
but he did not immediately enter the office. 



196 THE DAY-STAB. 

evidence of the fact, tliat he sat in that House of 
the Assembly, in 1649, and in several subsequent 
years.' Many of the certificates signed by this 
survey or-general, are still preserved ; and in 1651, 
he occupied the post of steward (with power to 
hold the court-baron) of Calverton — a manor of 
nearly ten thousand acres,' at the head of the 
Wicomico, intended (such was the paternal policy 
of the feudal proprietary) for a secure "habita» 
ti#n " of " six nations " of Indians, who had desired 
"to put themselves" under the government's "pro- 
tection." He also, during the ascendency of the 
Puritans, openly, in court, confessed his faith in 

^ The documents, in a preceding part of this volume, prove he 
was afBiember of the council in 1649. On the 20th of April (0. S.) 
1650, he was, for a reason not stated upon the Journal, excused 
from sitting. See Lib. No. 3, p. 55. In 1654, also, he was a 
privy councillor. See Lib. No. 1, p. 521. In 1648 he was a bur- 
gess (see Lib. No. 2, pp. 293, 294) and held nine proxies. In 1658 
he was a judge of the Provincial Court. Lib. " S, 1658 to 1662, 
Judgments," p. 15. In 1660 he was again in the council ; but did 
not sympathize with governor Fendall, in his treachery toward 
the proprietary. 

^ The " six nations " who had desired to be under the proprie* 
tary's prote«tion, and for whom, as copyhold tenants, this manor 
was intended, bore the names of Mattapanians, Wicomocons, 
Patuxents, Lamasconsons, Highahwixons, and Chopticons. See 
Bozman, vol. 2, p. 675. 



HON. MR. CLARKE. 197 

the Koman Catholic Church.' Upon a previous 
surrender, at the battle near the Severn, he was 
taken prisoner by the Puritans ; "^ and then treated 
as a rebel. Tried by a '' council of war," but 
saved " by the petitions of the women," ^ he was 
next lined ten thousand pounds of tobacco." Un- 
able to pay the mulct, he assigned various bills 
to the amount of three thousand ; and surrendered 
his plantation upon Britton's Bay.^ About six 
months later, in a state of " deep distress," without 
the means of "subsistence" either for his "chil- 
dren " or for " himself," he submitted a petition. 
And the court, composed of Capt. Fuller and 
other leading Puritans, gave him a temporary 
possession of the land.^ In 1657, his boiijd. was 

^ '•' Robert Clarke, Gent., hath openly in court confessed him- 
self to be a Roman Catholic ; owning the Pope's supremacy." See 
Proceedings of the Provincial Court, October Term, 1G55 ; Land 
Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 156, This was many months after 
the battle near the Severn. 

" Bozman, vol. 2, p. 527 ; and Records of the Land Office, Lib. 
No. 3, p. 163. 

" Bozman, vol. 2, p. 688. 

* Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, pp. 156 and 157. 

' Same Liber, pp. 156, 157. 

'The following is the order passed by the court in 1656:— 
" Whereas Robert Clarke, Gent., hath petitioned to this court for 



198 THE DAT-STAK. 

required.* He never succeeded in reclaiming his 
fortunes ; and, in his will, dated in 1664, there ap- 
pears but little property.^ His posterity was dis- 
persed through various parts of the province ; and, 
in 1686, died his eldest son, John, a resident of St. 
Mary's County, holding land upon a branch of 
St. Thomas's Creek,^ in Charles County ; and leav- 
ing John, Kobert, Benjamin, and two other chil- 
dren.* The only marriage of the privy councillor 



some relief in liis exceeding deep distress, not having any way of 
subsistence for himself and children ; the court taking it into 
consideration, have thought fit and ordered that the plantation 
of the said Clarke, formerly made over unto the public for part 
of satisfaction of a fine imposed upon the said Clarke for his late 
rising up in arms and other great crimes at that time committed, 
be delivered into the hands of him the said Clarke for his present 
relief, without which he is likely to perish. And further, if the 
said Clarke should sell the said plantation, that then he is to pay 
the one half of what it shall be sold for, in part of the said fine, 
when it shall be demanded." Lib. No. 3, pp. 178, 179. 

^ Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. 317 ; and p. 349. 

^ He names his children, John, Robert, Thomas, and Mary. 
Gives the most of his estate to John ; and half the value of a 
horse "to the Church." See his will. Testamentary Records at 
Annapolis, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 217-218. 

' Rent-roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 314 ; and 
Land Office Records, Lib. No. 6, p. 223. 

* See will of John, Lib. G. p. 193. The name of Clarke occurs 



HON. MR. OLAKKE. 19^ 

mentioned upon the records, was the one to Jane, 
the widow ^ of JS'icholas Causin, the ancestor of the 
family which held the "Manor of Causin," now 
represented by the Honorable John M. S. Causin. 

so frequently that it is very difficult to trace the descendants of 
the privy councillor. But the reader who may be interested in 
this subject, is referred to the following sources of information, in 
the Register's Office at Annapolis : — Wills of Thomas, in 1675, 
Lib. No. 2, p. 247 ; John, Lib. H., p. 48 ^ John, Lib. H. p. 177 ; Robert, 
Lib. T. B., p. 375 ; John, Lib. J. C— W. B., No. 2, Part 2, p. 32 ; 
Thomas, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 375 ; Edward. Lib. W. B., No. G, 
p. 8 ; William, Lib. T. B., No. 1, p. 51 ; Thomas, same Liber, 
p. 280 ; and Robert, Lib. W. B., No. 1, p. 438. There is also the 
will, in 1689 (see Lib. T. B., No. 2, p. 727) of Robt. Clarke, " of 
the parish of St. Giles, Without Cripple-Gate, London," but who 
had lived in Maryland, "in the West Indies" (as America was 
then called) ; and who was probably one of the Hon. Robt. Clarke's 
descendants. John's, in Lib. H., on p. 48, is dated the 7th of 
May, 1680, " according to the computation of the Holy Catholic 
Church." 

' Land Office, Lib. No. 7, p. 132. 



200 THE BAY -STAR, 



CHAPTEE XXm. 

The Honorable Thomas Hattoo. 

The Honorable Thomas Hatton, it wonld seeiHj 
was the son of John Hatton ; and, there is hardly a 
doubt, lived at London/ before his arrival. It is 
said, his family (which came in 1648^) had sprung 
from that of Sir Christopher Hatton, the lord 

^ John HattoD — a brother, I presume, of the secretary — in his 
will of 1654 (see Records at Annapolis, Libw No. 1, 1635 to 1674, 
p. 519) speaks of his " late father, John Hatton f of his brothers 
Thomas, Samuel, and Henry ; and his sisters Sarah and Susan. 
The lands left him by his father, he gives his brother Thomas ; and 
appoints him one of his executors. Most of the family, it seems, 
lived in England ; and the testator, although then on a visit to 
Maryland, resided at London. The godfather of the secretary's 
Bon, Thomas, was " one of the clerks in the Six-Clerks' Office.. 
Chancery Lane," in the same city. See the silver spoon given, 
about 1650, by the godfather, Thomas Motham, on p. 186, Lib. 
No. 1, Records of the Land Office. 

' The secretary himself states, that he came, with his wife, his 
two sons (Robert and Thomas), and his three white servants, in 
1648 ; and that the following year arrived, under his auspices, the 
widow, and William, Richard, Elinor, and the other children of his 



HON. MK. HATTON. 201 

chancellor in the reign of Elizabeth, and so much 
admired by the queen for his graceful person and 
his elegant style of dancing. And the tradition, to 
some extent, is confirmed, not only by the exist- 
ence in both families of the same baptismal 
names/ but also by that sense of beauty, ^ which 
was a characteristic not less of the honorable 



deceased brother Richard. Land Office Records, Lib. No. 2, 
p. 613. 

^ " Sir Robert Hatton was a brother," says Burlie, '' of Sir 
Thomas Hatton, baronet ; and of Sir Christopher Hatton, K.B.. 
father of Lord Hatton, and ancestor of George Finch Hatton, Earl 
of Winchilsea." Burke's Dictionary of the Landed Gentry, Vol. 2, 
p. 1287. The names also of Richard, Henry, John, William, and 
Sarah, occur both in Burke and upon our early records. Thomas, 
indeed, is found frequently in the history of the English, as well 
as of the provincial family. 

' The following note from the secretary, introducing Mr. John 
De Courcy (then written Coursey), is a fine specimen of the 
author's style — a model b©th of terseness and of elegance. John 
De Courcy was a brother of the Honorable Henry De Courcy ; and 
subsequently the clerk of Kent County : 

"Mr. Bradnox, — The bearer hereof, Mr. John Coursey, upon 

the invitation of some friends, comes amongst you to try his fortunes 
at Kent. His quality and good carriage will, I know, purchase 
^-espect from all ; and especially from yourself and Mistress Brad- 
nox, whose courtesy and respect to strangers, especially to those 
of the better sort, hath never been wanting. And, therefore, T 
shall not need to use many words of commendation in his behalf. 

9* 



202 THE DAT-STAE. 

secretary of Maryland than of the distinguished 
statesman of England. The armorial bearings of 
the Hattons of London were : — " Argent, three 
hurts, each charged with a hend of the first / on a 
chief vert, an eagle displayed or^ And their crest 
was : — " A demi-hear rampant sable P ^ 

Besides the offices of secretary and of privy 
councillor (the commissions for which were dated 
on the same day,^ in the year 1648), he held the 
post of attorney-general of the province.' Like 
the other councillors appointed in 1648, he went 
into office, it would seem, at the commencement of 
the Assembly, in 1649. It is supposed he brought 
from England the draft of ''The Act concerning 
Eeligion." The official power and rank conferred 



But desiring, with my wife, to be kindly remembered to yourself, 
and Mistress Bradnox ; Rest ; 

'' Your assured, loving friend, Thomas Hatton, 
*' St. Mary's, Feb. 1653. 

*• The superscription — To his much respected friend Mr. Thos. 
Bradnox, at the Isle of Kent, in Maryland." See Court Record, 
at Chester-town, commencing in 1647. 

^ Burke's General Armory. * 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 649, and p. 651. 

^ In 1652, and I presume other years, he was the attorney- 
general. Land Office Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 302. 



HON. MR. HATTON. ' 203 

upon our early secretaries were very great.' The 
present secretaryship of State is but tlie shadow of 
the original office, under the dominion of the first 
lord proprietary. Although there is no evidence 
of the contiugency, upon which he was authorized 
to act, we know he also received a commission 
appointing him to the post of governor.* In 1652, 
about the beginning of the revolutionary measures 
under the commissioners from the English com- 
monwealth, he w^as removed from the secretary- 
ship;' re-instated in July, the same year;* and again 
deprived of the office, in the month of August, 
1654.^ Before the Puritan Assembly at Patuxent, 
the last-named year, he appeared with Mr. Chand- 
ler, the other burgess from St. Mary's; and, in 
view of his " oath " to Lord Baltimore, as well as 

* The secretary sat, not only in the privy council, but also upon 
the bench of the High Provincial Court. And great weight was 
attached to his opinions. The office also of chancellor was usually 
annexed to the secretaryship. 

' The latter part of 1649, Gov. Stone having occasion to be 
absent from the province, appointed Thomas Green governor ; in 
case of his refusal, Mr. Hatton. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 377. la 1650, 
also, I perceive, he was appointed. Lib. No. 2, p. 615. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 681. 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p. 682. * Bozman, vol. '2, p. 685. 



204 THE DAY-STAE. 

other reasons then reduced to writing, but now 
unfortunately lost, he refused to sit in that body.* At 
the battle of 1655, in the service of the proprietary, 
he lost his life. An order was issued for the " sub- 
sistence " of his widow out of his lordship's "rents;" 
and every disposition manifested, in testimony of 
respect for his memory, and of gratitude for his 
noble fidelity.* Kemarkable not more for mode- 
ration than for decision ; discharging his duty in 
every j)rivate and official relation ; a Protestant,' 
but not a bigot ; the ornament of his own faith, 
but distinguished for his loyalty to the charter, and 
to the person of the Koman Catholic proprietary ; 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 508. 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 698. 

' He was one of the signers of the Protestant Declaration. The 
case of Gardiner (Bozman, vol. 2, p. 493) proves also how ready 
was the secretary to resist every attempt to seduce his ward and 
niece, Eleanor Hatton, from the faith of her family. And his 
nephew, William, married Elizabeth, the daughter (See Rev. Wil- 
liam Wilkinson's will. Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 190) of the 
first Protestant clergyman (an Anglo- Catholic) who arrived in 
St. Mary's after the landing of the Maryland Pilgrims. See 
arrival (Land Office Records, Lib. No. 3, p. G2) of " William Wil- 
kinson, clerk," in 1650, with his wife Mary, his daughters Rebecca 
and Elizabeth, and several other persons including his indented 
servants. The secretary's wife was also the godmother of Mathew, 
the son of William Stono, the Protestant governor. See p. 65. 



HON. MR. HATTON. 205 

he presents to the student one of the most interest- 
ing characters in the history of the colonization of 
Maryland. A son and grandson, both bearing his 
own baptismal name, died, it wonld seem, in 
Maryland ; the one, in 1676,' the other in 1701 ;' 
the former (or a consin also called Thomas), having 
lived some time at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, 
England ;' the latter, disposing, by his will, of the 
right to a large tract, not then fully confirmed, but 
due to him, as heir to the " Secretary of Mary- 
land ;" and granted, probably, in token of the 
grateful recollections cherished by the proprietary, 
for the noble sacrifice at the battle of 1655. I 



^ Will of Thomas Hattoa of St. Mary's County, " gentleman," 
in Lib. No. 2, 1674 to 1704, on p. 381. Names his only son 
Thomas ; his sisters, Margaret and Rebecca " Wahop ;•' and seve- 
ral of the Hansons, who seem to be his relations. 

^ Will of Thomas Hatton, of St. Mary's County, also styled 
" gentleman," in Lib. T. B., p. 120. He possibly had a posthumous 
Bon ; but the only child named in the will is Elizabeth, to whom 
he gives " Hunting-Creek," surveyed (see Rent Roll for St. Mary's 
County, No. 1, Manors, fol. 2) for the secretary, in 1G55. 

' Thomas (the son, I presume of the Hon. Thomas Hatton) lived 
at Tewkesbury, about 1674 ; and gave Samuel of Maryland a power 
of attorney relating to the claim arising upon the death of his 
brother John. Lib. M. M., 1672 to 1675, Judgments, p. 193, and 
pp 578-580. 



206 THE DAY-STAR. 

doubt if there is now living a lineal descendant of 
the same surname anywhere in America. But the 
Hattons of Piscataway are related to the family, 
through William, the nephew of the secretary, 
and the son-in-law of the Rev. William Wilkinson. 
William Hatton died at an advanced age in 1712, 
naming his children, Joseph Hatton and Penelope 
Middleton ; and giving to each of his grand* 
childi'en (including Hatton Middleton), " a gold 
ring," as the " token " of his " love." He also 
divided between his children, the home plantation, 
consisting of " Thompson's Rest," and " Rich 
Hill."^ 

^ Will of William, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 432. la tracing the 
descent of the Hattons, near Piscataway, I am indebted, for the 
use of several land-papers, to the kindness of the Hon. William H. 
Tuck, of the Court of Appeals. 



ME. FENWICK. 207 



CHAPTEE XXIY. 

Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick. 

We now desgend from tlie Upper to the Lower 
House — from the privy councillors to the burgesses 
— ^from the representatives of the proprietary to 
the delegates of the planters, and of the other 
freemen of the province. The leading member of 
this body, one who breathed the spirit of Copley, 
of Cornwallis, and of Calvert, it would seem, was 
Mr. Cuthbert Fenwick ; a sincere believer in the 
faith of the old Latin church ; one of the original 
Pilgrims of 1634: ; and the fairest exponent of that 
system of religious liberty, which had constituted 
the very corner-stone of the first settlement under 
the charter. Many, also, are his descendants in 
the United States. They have held a distin- 
guished rank in the field of civil and of military 
services. And they have been ornaments, not 
only of the priesthood, but also of the hierarchy 
of the American Roman Catholic church. Some 



208 THE DAY-STAK. 

still linger among us ; our neighbors, and our 
friends. Tlirough evil, and through good, after 
the lapse of many years, in the midst of vast social 
and political revolutions, they have clung, with 
the fondness of children, to the faith of their first 
forefather. Is there no gratitude among Pro- 
testants ? Will the Protestant flinch from the 
performance of a plain historical duty ? Shall he, 
who inherits a pure Protestant blood, an unbroken 
Protestant faith, through eight generation s, from 
the age of Elizabeth ; whose first Protestant 
ancestor of the provincial line reached the shores 
of the Chesapeake but a year after the passage of 
the memorable Toleration Act, hesitate for one 
moment in doing justice to the memory of the 
early Roman Catholic law-givers of Maryland ? 

Fenwick was the seat of a distinguished family 
of the same name, in the county of Northumber- 
land, England/ And Fenwick was the manor 
erected for the early colonist, in what was subse- 
quently Resurrection hundred, St. Mary's County.' 

^ Burke's General Armory ; Art. Fenwick, at Fenwick, in 
Northumberland. 
* Fenwick Manor was surveyed for Cuthbert Fenwick, in 1651. 



MR. FENWICK. 209 

lu Maryland, also, I am told, there was an old 
signet ring containing the arms of the Fenwicks, 
of Fenwick manor ; and, it is said, that Cuthbert 
was a descendant of the Fenwicks in ISTorthumber- 
land County. But history has a more solid founda- 
tion than mere oral tradition; and nothing, I 
regret, can positively be asserted respecting the 
armorial bearings of the Fenwicks, of St. Mary's ; 
or. even their English original, beyond the relation- 
ship to the Eltonheads. 

Of Captain Cornwallis, the chief councillor of 
the governor in 1634, and one of the noblest spirits 
in the band of original Pilgrims, Mr. Fenwick was 
the special protege.^ For many years, also, from 
his arrival, did he hold a great variety of confi- 
dential trusts and responsible agencies ; living at 
" The Cross," ^ during the captain's frequent voy- 
ages to England ; and transacting, with strict 
fidelity, all his important business upon the manor. 

It is upon the Patuxent. Rent Roll for St. Mary's & Charles, vol. 
1, fol. 55. 

» Land OfiQce Records, Lib. A. B. & H., p. 244. 

^ The name of Capt. Cornwallis's manor-house. The manor, 
itself, was called " Cornwallis's Gross." Rent Roll for St. Mary's 
County ; also Lib. No. 1, pp. 115-117, and elsewhere. 



210 THE DAY-STAR. 

So intimate was the relationship, that he was sum- 
moned on one occasion (the only case of so peculiar 
a kind of representation, I believe, upon the 
records), by a special w^rit, to sit as the " attorney " 
of the councillor, at a meeting of the General 
Assembly.' More, also, on account of the enmity 
towards Cornwallis than any ground of personal 
dislike, was he plundered by Captain Ingle," the 
pirate, the man who gloried in the name of " The 
Eeformation."' In the grant of land for the early 
Eoman Catholic missions, his name and services, it 
appears, were used. It seems, also, he was inti- 

^ This was in 1640. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 171. 

^ He was, about 1645, surprised by Ingle's party, and treacher- 
ously confined as a prisoner, on board that pirate'8 ship ; the 
manor-house of Capt. Thomas Cornwallis much injured, and also 
plundered of its servants, valuable furniture, and other property. 
On his way to Accomac, Va., he was also robbed of his " clothes," 
and " papers." Lib. No. 1, pp. 432-433 ; pp. 572-573 ; pp. 582- 
583 ; and p. 584. Lib. No. 2, p. 354 ; and pp. 616-617. 

^ The world, alas ! is governed more by the shadow than by the 
substance ! Here is a man from "Wapping, in Middlesex, England 
(see Lib. No. 1, pp. 377) — a sea-captain of a reckless sort of 
courage — plundering a missionary, and many other Roman Catho- 
lics of the province ; and, by universal consent, a pirate ; yet 
giving to his very ship the name of " The Reformation !" Lib. 
No. 1, p. 224. Triumphant, for a short time, in his rebellion ; he 
did a great deal of injury to the proprietary. 



ME. FENWICK. 211 

mate with the Kev. Thomas Copley ; and often in 
contact with Governor Leonard Calvert ; took part 
in the little engagement of 1635, upon a tributary of 
the Chesapeake, between the pinnace commanded 
by Warren (the lieutenant of Clayborne), and the 
two armed boats under the command of Cornwal- 
lis ; ' and sat in the Assembly of 1638, the earliest 
of which we have a satisfactory account.^ As an 
individual freeman, he had a seat also in the legis- 
lature of the subsequent year/ And few, if any, 
of the original colonists were members more fre- 
quently of the legislative body. Again : we find 
him aiding the government in the regulation of 
the Indian trade with the colonists ; * and about 
the same time, he reported the information he had 
obtained respecting the murder of Rowland Wil- 
liams, of Accomac' — a case which engaged the 

^ Bozman, vol. 2, p. 35 ; and p. 65, where the name is written 
'• Hemirk," but doubtless intended for " Fenwick." The lieute- 
nant and two of his men were killed ; and one was lost on the 
captain's side, Cornwallis's boats were called " The St. Helen," 
and " The St. Margaret." Clayborne's next officer in command 
was subsequently convicted at St. Mary's. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. G5. 

" Bozman, vol. 2, p. 103. ' * Bozman, vol. 2, p. 115. 

" The Report is dated May S, 1638." See Lib. No. 2, pp. 83-84. 



212 THE DAY-STAB. 

prompt attention of the governor, and resulted in 
the union of Maryland with her sister colony/ in 
the punishment of the Nanticokes. In 1644, he held 
a commissionership in St. Mary's "" — an oftice out 
of which grew that of the early county court judge. 
He was the foreman of many of the most impor- 
tant trial juries,^ at the provincial court ; the first 
member of the financial committee,* and proba- 
bly the speaker, in the Lower House of the Roman 
Catholic Assembly of 1649 ;'* and, in the Protestant 
one of 1650, the chairman of a joint committee" 
upon the " Laws,'' including Governor Green and 
Colonel Price from the Upper House. The latter 
part of his life, he resided upon Fenwick 
manor ; and died about the year 1655.'' Nothing 



' Lib. No. 1, p. 159. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 280. 

' In the case, for instance, of the Piscataway Indians already 
quoted. 

^ Lib. No. 2, p. 489. 

* From the report of the financial committee, the only remain- 
ing fragment of the Journal, it is evident that he performed some 
ppecial or honorable service, besides that of an ordinary member. 

« Lib. No. 3, p. 56. 

' His Will is dated "March 6, 1654." Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, 
"Judgments," Court of Appeals (in the Armory), p. 219. 



MR* FEKWICK. 213 

occurs upon the record, to lessen, in the least, the 
esteem to which he is so justly entitled as a 
legislator, and a public officer ; a Christian, and a 
man» 

Mr. Fenwick bore the name of one of the most 
celebrated saints,' in the history of the early Eng- 
lish Church; held a tract bounded by St. Cuth- 
bert's Creek ;^ although present, did not sign the 



* la speaking of the ravages of the Danes, during the ninth 
century. Sir Francis Palgrave says : ** The Pagans, under Half- 
dane, destroyed all the churches and monasteries. The ruin of 
the Cathedral of Lindisfairne, in particular, was lamented as the 
greatest misfortune of the age. Cuthbert, one of the prelates of 
this see, canonized by the grateful veneration of the English, was 
considered as the patron saint of the North 5 and the island of 
Lindisfairne was viewed as holy land." 

In a note, he adds: — "The body of St. Cuthbert was saved 
when the church of Lindisfairne was destroyed, and after many 
migrations it was deposited in the Cathedral of Durham, to which 
city the see of Lindisfairne was transferred (A. D. 990) ; the pre- 
sent bishops of Durham being the successors of the bishops of 
Lindisfairne. The corpse of St. Cuthbert was deposited in a 
magnificent shrine, which was destroyed at the time of the 
Reformation." " In 1827, a skeleton, supposed to be that of St. 
Cuthbert, was disinterred by the Rev. James Raine. The body 
had been deposited with some most curious relics of the Anglo- 
Saxon age — amongst Ihem, the cross." Palgrave's History of the 
Anglo-Saxons, p. 124. The engraving of St. Cuthbert's cross is 
on p. 142 of the History. 

" Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, fol. 55. 



214 THE DAY'STAE. 

Protestant Declaration ; upon the questions arising 
between the two religions parties, in the Protestant 
Assembly of 1650, voted with the Koman Catholic 
members ; ^ • gave a legacy to each of the Eoman 
Catholic priests, in testimony of his faith in the 
Church of Rome ; ^ to say nothing of the further 
evidence derived from the fact, that so many of his 
descendants are still members of the same commu^ 
nion. 

In 1649, then a widower, and the father of 
Thomas (who seems to have died young), of Cuth- 
bert, Ignatius, and " Teresa ;" ' Mr. Fenwick mar- 
ried Jane,* the widow of Robert Moryson (the 
name is written upon the record, indistinctly), of 

* See, in various places, the proceedings of the Assembly, in 
1650, Lib. No. 3, Land Office ; also the signatures, in the same 
Liber, on p. 57, to the letter of this Assembly, intended for Lord 
Baltimore. 

^ By some of the early Roman Catholics (for example, by 
Robert Clarke) legacies were given " to the church " — meaning, 
of course, the Roman Catholic ; by others, to the well known 
priests, Lawrence Starkie and Francis Fitzherbert, always, either 
tacitly or avowedly, in token of their faith in the same church ; 
and by a third class (Cuthbert Fenwick, for instance), simply 
"unto Mr. Starkie," and *' unto Mr. Fitzherbert." See Mr. 
Fenwick's Will, Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 219. 

» Land Office Records, Lib. No. 2, p. 515. 

* Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 218. 



ME. fenwick:. 215 

" Kecouglitan " County, Ya. ; the sister also of Wil- 
liam Eltoiiliead ^ (the privy councillor of Md.), and 
Eichard Eltonhead^ (of " Eltonhead," Lancaster 
County, England) ; and the niece of Edward^ Elton- 
head, one of the "masters'"' of the English ''High 
Court of Chancery." He had issue, also, by his 
last marriage ; and his widow died in 1660.' The 

^ Lib. No. 3, p. 262 ; Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 135 5 
and pp. 219-220. Also Testamentary Records, Lib. No. I, p. 94. 

^ Lib. F. F. 1665 to 1669, Judgments (Court of Appeals), in the 
Armory, p. 788. 

« Laud Office, Lib. A. B. and H., p. 165. 

* Lib. 5, 1658 to 1662, Judgments (Court of Appeals), p. 1 ; and 
Lib. No. 3 (Land Office), p. 413. 

' The social and domestic life of the past constitutes the most 
interesting branch of history. Mrs. Fenwick's will (see Testamentary 
Records, Lib. No. 1, p. 114) sheds much light upon the subject ; 
enables us to form some idea of the degree of comfort in the 
family of this early colonial legislator ; and gives a very good 
key to a bed-chamber, a lady's wardrobe, head-dress, and other 
articles, in 1660. She bequeaths to her step-daughter, " Teresa," 
a little bed, a mohair rug, a blanket, a pair of sheets, aud *' the 
yellow curtains ;" her taffeta suit, and serge coat ; all her *' fine 
linen," consisting of aprons, handkerchiefs, head-clothes, &c. ; her 
** wedding-ring;" her hoods, scarfs (except her " great" one), aud 
gloves (except three pair of cotton) ; and her three petticoats, one 
of which is a " tufted-holland," another a " new serge," and the 
third a " spangled " one. She gives to her own three children, 
Robert, Richard, and John, her '' great scarf," all her jewels^ 
"plate," and rings (except the " wedding" one) ; and to each of 
them a bed, and pair of cotton gloves. To her stepsons, Cuthbert 



216 THE DAY-STAE. 

children were Robert, Richard, and John.^ But 

and*Ignatiiis, she wills an " ell of taffeta ;" to her negro-servant, 
Dorothy, her " red cotton coat " and some " old linen ;" to Esther, 
her " new maid-servant," all the linen of ''the coarser sort ;" to 
Thomas, the Indian, two pair of shoes, a matchcoat, and some 
other things ; to Anthumpt, another Indian, several articles of 
clothing ; to Thomas's mother (the " old Indian woman ") three 
yards of cotton ; to the Rev. Francis Fitzherbert, a hogshead of 
tobacco, for five years ; to William (a negro) the right to his free- 
dom, provided he pay a hogshead every year to the church, and 
continue a member ; and to the church the same negro, as a slave 
" for ever," if he leave her communion — one of the few cases of 
individual intolerance, on the same side, in our early history, and 
outweighed by a great number of instances, on the other if not, 
indeed, excusable by the fact, that some of her dearest friends had 
fallen by the bloody hand of the Puritans, including her own bro- 
ther, the Hon. Wm. Eltonhead. Take also the following (from Lib. 
No. 1, Land Office Records, p. 401) about two years before her 
brother's execution. According to the testimony of Mary Jones, 
it appears, Martin Kirk and his wife, with Lizy Potter, " had 
found a way to pay Eltonhead, without weight or scales !" " Hang 
them!'' they added, "Papists! dogs! They shall have no right 
here ; for the governor cannot abide them, but from the teeth 
outwards." The Yandal outruns the bigot in the case of a noted 
Protestant of Kent Island, who, entering Capt. Brent's house, and 
going into the " loft," threw down the captain's books, with the 
words, " Burn Papists ! devils !" This was about the time of 
Ingle's rebellion. I deem it fair to add, the part of Roger Bax- 
ter's testimony relating to the books, was not reduced to writing. 
But Francis Brooke, a judge of the county court, was present at 
the taking of the deposition ; and states the fact, in his own depo- 
sition. Lib. No. 2, p. 387. 

* See wills of Mr. Fenwick, and hia widow Jane. I infer, then, 



ME. FENWIOK. 217 

Cutlibert, his eldest son by a previous marriage, 
held, under the will, the lordship of Fenwick 
Manor, The Fenwicks of Cole's Creek, of Cherry- 
iields, of Pomonkey, and elsewhere, in Maryland ; 
of Kentucky ; and (it is said) of the South also 
(including a well-known officer in the war of 1812) ; 
are but some of the off-shoots ^ from the family of 
Cuthbert, the pilgrim of 1634, and the original 
lord of the manor. One of the descendants of the 
early law-giver was a member of the convention, 
which framed the Constitution of the State, in 

that his three youngest sons were, on their mother's side, descend- 
ants of the Eltonheads, of Eltonhead ; whose arras, according to 
Burke's General Armory, are — Quarterly, per /esse indented, 
sable and argent^ on the first quarter three plates. 

- The family is so large as to render it impossible to present 
even a condensed history in any but a v/ork expressly devoted to 
the department of genealogy. The following wills contain a large 
body of facts :— Wills of Richard, in 1714, Lib. W. B., No. 5, p. 
699 ; of John, 1720, T. B. No. 1, p. 339 ; Dorothy, 1724, W. B., No. 1, 
p. 285 5 Cuthbert, about 1728, C. C, No. 2, p. 888 ; Ellen, 1737, 
T. D., p. 825 ; Philip, 1750, D. D., No. 6, p. 183 ; Enock, 1758, 
B. T., No. 2, p. 582 ; Joseph, 1758, B. T., No. 2, p. 624 ; Cuthbert, 
1762, D. D., No. 1, in 2 parts, p. 891 ; Benedict, 1769, W. D., No. 2, 
p. 251 ; Bennett, 1770, W. D., No. 3, p. 458 ; George, 1769, W. D., 
No. 3, p. 703 ; Elizabeth, 1771, AV. D., No. 4, p. 347 ; Robert, 
1774, W. F., No. 1, p. 113; and Ignatius, 1776, W. F., No. 2. 
p. 219. 

10 



218 THE DAY-STAE. 

1774-1776;' two held a seat in the Senate of 
Maryland ; ' and a fourth was the consul of the 
United States, at Bordeaux. Many of them were 
priests;^ one was the president of a college;* and 
two were bishops/ They are also connected with 
the Spaldings of St. Mary's, the relations of the 
bishop of Louisville/ And a living descendant 
of the pilgrim held the post of attorney-general ^ — • 

' Ignatius, of Mary's County. 

^ Athanasius and James j the former closely related to the 
Jherry-field branch, near St. Inigo's, St. Mary's County ; the latter 
(Col. James), the brother of the bishop of Cincinnati, and the 
ancestor of the Fenwicks, of Pomonkey, in Charles. 

' John, the uncle of the bishop of Cincinnati ; Enoch, who died 
in 1827 ; George, late professor of Rhetoric, in the Novitiate of 
the Society of Jesus, at Frederick, but now living at Inigo's : the 
children of Mrs. Young, the sister of Col. Jas. Fenwick ; and pro- 
bably several others ; have represented the family in the priest- 
hood. John died about 1814. 

* Enock, already named, ^was the president of Georgetown 
College. 

* Edward, the first bishop of Cincinnati, and a very near rela- 
tion to the Fenwicks of Pomonkey 5 and Benedict, the second 
bishop of Boston, and the brother of President Fenwick, and Pro- 
fessor Fenwick. Edward died in 1832 ; Benedict in 1845. 

* The Rt. Rev. Martin J. Spalding, the present bishop of the 
diocese. See Elizabeth's will, 1771, W. D. No. 4, p. S47, for the 
connection with the Spaldings. 

^ Robert James Brent, a Fenwick on the maternal side, and th€ 
immediate descendant of the Fenwicks of Pomonkey. 



MB. FENWICE, 219 

the last link ^ in a long chain of distinguished law* 
yers from the provincial era of the Hattons, the 
Lowes, and the Darnalls, down to the days of a 
Martin, a Taney, and a Richardson. 

* The oflSce was aboliahed by the late Constitutional Convention 
of Maryland. 



THE DAY-STAB. 



CHAPTER XXY. 

Mr. Philip Conner. 

The time of Mr. Philip Conner's * arrival cannot 
be ascertained ; but be came about tbe year 1645. 
Under tbe commandersbip of Captain Kobert 
Yaugban, in 1647, be was a commissioner of tbe 
Isle of Kent ; ^ sat, tbe following year, in tbe 
Assembly, as an individual freeman ; ^ and was tbe 
member from Kent, in 1649/ Autborized-to issue 
writs, upon tbe removal of tbe captain, in tbe 
montli of ]^ovember, 1648;' and tbe only one of 
tbe commissioners retained in office, tbe succeeding 

* Sometimes spelled "Conyer." Kent Island Records at Chea- 
tertown. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 304. 

' Capt. Vaughan, in 1648, held 24 voices ; Mr. Conner, and 
Capt. Thomas Bradnox sat, simply, at* freemen, without any 
proxies. Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. 

* Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 

* Bozman, vol. 2, p. 343. 



MR. CONNER. 221 

'month, by a Roman Catholic governor ; * he fortu- 
nately, about four years later, escaped the censure 
of the Puritan commissioners.'* Free from entan- 
glements of every sort — giving great satisfaction, 
for a period of many years, by his manner of 
administering justice — he was elevated, near the 
close of his life, to the honorable post of com- 
mander of the county.^ His career, in every par- 
ticular, was marked with discretion ; and we might 
suppose he was a Roman Catholic, living in a 
Protestant county. But, while no satisfactory clew 
can be found in his own words or deeds ; from the 
pen of a contemporary, we have the proof, that he 
was a Protestant.* 

The will of this early colonist is lost. But from 
his inventory, it appears, he died about 1660. 
Judging from the same paper, he lived in a style 

^ Upon Captain Vaugban's re-instatement. Bozman, vol. 2, p. 
344. 

' Vaughan, in 1652, was removed by the Puritan commissioners. 
See the names of the commissioners sent, in Bozman, vol. 2, p. 454. 
But Bozman's inference is false. They did visit the island. See 
Kent Island Records, at Chestertown. 

' See oldest Land Records, at Chestertown. 

* The evidence, which is obtained from the will of Thomas 
Allen, will be given, in a note to the sketch of Capt. Banks's life. 



222 THE DAT-STAE. 

superior to the ordinary level of comfort, at that 
period/ He held " Conner's Neck," " The Wood- 
yard Thicket," and other tracts, upon Kent Island;^ 
and there, lived his descendants also, for several 
generations. It seems, there was a branch of the 
family in Dorchester and Somerset ; and he has 
probably a descendant living at Chestertown. His 
son, Philip,^ died, about 1700, upon the Isle of 
Kent,^ then a part of Talbot ; and his grandson, of 
the same name, in 1722, leaving two brothers and 
three sons.' 



^ The inventory is found in a Record of Wills, and Proceedings 
in Testamentary cases, beginning in 1657. He had 120 head of 
cattle, and 34 hogs ; 7 feather beds, and 6 rugs ; 2 pair of cur- 
tains, with valance ; 2 flock beds, with 2 rugs ; 3 diaper table- 
cloths ; 18 napkins ; 8 chairs ; 12 wine glasses ; and a great 
variety of other articles. 

^ Lib. No. 12, pp. 572-573. See also Rent Roll for Queen 
Anne's ; for a copy of which, I was indebted, through the kind 
agency of Judge Chambers, to the late Hon. William Carmichael. 

=> Lib. No. 12, p. 572. 

* Will of Philip, 1701 (Lib. T. B. p. 350), who gives his son, 
Philip, " Conner's Neck ;" and to his other children Nathaniel, and 
Charles, "The Wood-yard Thicket." Disposes also of a tract, 
supposed to be his, on the Elk River. 

^ Will of Philip (witnessed by Nathaniel and Charles, Lib. A. & 
D., No. 2, p. 196) gives a tract, when recovered, in Kent, near 
Morgan's Creek, in equal parts, to his sons James, Nathaniel, and 



MK. CONNER. 223 

Charles. Will of Nathaniel, his brother, is found in Lib. C. C, 
No. 2, p. 150. Nathaniel names his son-in-law, Mathew Brown ; h\3 
daughter, Letitia Brown; and his granddaughter, Mary Brown. 
There is also the will of John Conner, a merchant of Chestertown, 
whose children were James and Isabella. He died about 1750. 



224 THE DAY-STAK, 



CHAPTER XXYI. 

Mr. William Bretton. 

Mk. Bkettoi^ arrived^ with his wife, Mary (the 
daughter of Thomas ]|l"abbs), and one child, within 
three years from the landing of the Pilgrims.* 
He soon afterwards held a large tract upon 
Britton's Bay ;* and many years, lived in Newtown 
hundred ; was a soldier at St. Inigo's Fort, at a 
very critical period, in the administration of Gover- 
nor Calvert ; ^ and the register of the Provincial 
Court, under Governor Green, with the power, 
during the lieutenant-generars absence, to sign 
writs, " under the governor's name;'^* kept some of 
the most important records of the province, till the 

^ He arrived ia 1637. Lib. No. 1, p. 69. 

' la Newtown hundred, and held of the Manor of Little Britain, 
and also called ''Little Britton" (Rent Roll for St. Mary's and 
Charles, vol. 1, fol. 24) ; bounded on the south by the Potomac, on 
the east by Britton's Bay, on the west by St. Clement's Bay, and 
partly by St. Nicholas's Creek, on the North. Lib. No. 1, p. 69. 
He certainly lived in Newtown, in 1649. Lib. No. 2, p. 459. 

» Lib. No. 2, p. 284. * Lib, No. 2, p. 226 ; and p. 22& 



MR. BRETTON. 225 

, arrival of Mr. Hatton, in 1 649 ; ' and was the 
clerk of the Protestant Assembly in 1650.'' In 
the legislature of 164:8, he held four voices/ three 
of them certainly* from IsTewtown; probably the 
fourth also. And, from his familiarity with the 
records, as well as his general knowledge of busi- 
ness, we cannot but presume he was one of the 
most influential members of the Koman Catholic 
Assembly in 1649." He is also worthy of remem- 
brance, in consideration of the fact, that he 
founded one of the first Koman Catholic chapels 
of the province " — a chapel which was erected and 
sustained by the pious members of his own church 
in ISTewtown,^ and in St. Clement's hundred ; which 

^ Lib. No. 2, p. 448. ' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 383. 

' Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. * Lib. No. 2, pp. 287-288. 

" Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 

» Lib. S. 1G58 to 1G62, Judgments, p. 1026. 

' There is evidence, upon various Records. The deed, itself, 
recites the " unanimous" agreement. And Col. Jarboe, and Wil- 
liam Tattershall (planters upon Britton's Bay, and relations of the 
U. C. privy councillor, Mr. Pile), gave, each of them, a legacy 5 
the former, in 1671, to the Father of ''St. Ignatius's Chapel," for 
the use of the "poor Catholics ;" the latter, about 1670, to the 
*• Reverend father " of the same chapel. See Wills, Lib. No. 2, 
1674 to 1704, p. C7 ; and Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, pp. 391-392. 
Other cases could be cited, 

10* 



220 THE DAY-STAK. 

also bore the name of " the patron saint of Mary- 
land."^ 

A mystery clonds the latter part of his life. 
About 1651, he married Mrs. Temperance Jay.' 
Misfortune seems soon after to have attended him ; 
and his " son " and " daughter " received " alms," 
at a moment of deep distress.' ]^or can his will 
be found ; or his posterity traced. But there is no 
doubt whatever, he was one of the Boman Catholio 
Assemblymen of 1649. He held a tract bounded 
by St. William's Creek ;* the most striking part of 
his cattle-mark {a fleur-de-lisf was a favorite device 

' St. Michael was one of the guardian angels. But St. Ignatius 
was generally regarded the patron saint. See Father White. 

« Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, Judgments, p. 336-337 ; and p. 1026. 

' " There was given to Mr. Bretton's son and daughter an alms, 
they being in extremity of want." See Statement of Ralph 
Croutch, at London, in 1662 ; Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, p. 22. Mr. 
Croutch was one of the executors of Edward Cotton, a colonist. 

* Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 1026. 

' To prevent mistakes and disputes, as well as felonies (for 
many of our early plantations had but few fences, and the flocks 
and herds often wandered through thick forests, which have long 
since disappeared), the law of the province required, in the 
strictest manner, every colonist to register his cattle-mark. On 
p. 459, in Lib. No. 2, we find :— " William Bretton, gent., recorded 
his mark of hogs and cattle, viz.: Over and underkeeled, y* right 
ear, commonly called a fleur-de-lis ; cropt y« left ear. Which is 



MR. BEETTON. 227 

with the members of his chm-ch, at that period ; ' 
his name is not among the signers of the Protestant 
Declaration;^ and the very phraseology, in his gift 
of the church-lot, has the unmistakable marks of 
his sympathy with the faith of the Eoman church, 
and (independently of other evidence) is sufficient 
to satisfy a reasonable mind.^ 

the true and only mark of ye said William Bretton." It will be 
observed, that the Jleur-de-lis (or, heraldic lily) differs from the 
lily of the garden, in having three leaves instead of five. See 
Burke. 

' It was a part of the mark of Doctor Thomas Matthews (Lib. 
No. 2, p. 511), of Col. William Evans (Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 25), 
and of Doctor Thomas Gerrard (Lib. S., 1658 to 1662, p. 117). These 
gentlemen were, all, Roman Catholics. See confession of Mathews, 
Lib. No. 3, p. 157 ; will of Evans, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 331 ; 
and the faith of Gerrard, in the case of the Rev. Francis Fitzher- 
bert, in another note. I perceive no instance, at this period, in 
which the Jieur-de-lis^ as a part of the cattle-mark, was adopted 
by any Protestant. 

' He was in the Assembly when the Declaration was drawn up 
and signed. But he was not one of the signers. 

' The following is from Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judgments, 
p. 1026 : 

" April y* 12, 1662. This day came Mr. Wm. Bretton, and 
desired the ensuing to be recorded : viz. 

" AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM. 

" Forasmuch as divers good and zealous Roman Catholic inhabit- 
ants of Newtown, and St. Clement's Bay, have unanimously agreed, 
amongst themselves, to erect and build a church or chapel whither 



228 THE DAT-STAK. 

they may repair oa Sundays, and other holy days appointed and 
commanded by Holy Church ; to serve Almighty God ; and hear 
divine service. And the most convenient place for that purpose, 
desired and pitched upon, by them all, is on a certain parcel of 
the land belonging to Wm. Bretton, gentleman. Now know ye, 
that I, William Bretton, of Little-Bretton, in y« county of St. 
Mary's, in the province of Maryland, gentleman ; with the hearty, 
good-liking of my dearly beloved wife, Temperance Bretton ; to 
the greater honor and glory of Almighty God, the Ever-Immacu- 
late Virgin Mary, and all Saints ; have given, and do hereby 
freely for ever give, to the behoof of the said Roman Catholic 
inhabitants, and their posterity, or successors, Roman Catholics, 
60 much land, as they shall build y* said church or chapel ou ; 
which, for their better convenience, they may frequent, to serve 
Almighty God, and hear divine service, as aforesaid ; with such 
other land adjoining to y^ said church or chapel, convenient like- 
wise for a churchyard, wherein to bury their dead ; containing 
about one acre and a half of ground, situate and lying on a 
dividend of land called Bretton's Outlet, and on the east side of 
y« said dividend, near to y^ head of the creek called St. William's 
Creek, which falleth into St. Nicholas's Creek, and near unto the 
narrowest place of y« freehold of Little-Bretton, commonly called 
The Straits," &c., &c. 

Could not this interesting little chapel's history yet be writ- 
ten ? The deed surely indicates, with suflacient distinctness, the 
gpot where it stood. It is dated the " tenth " of November 



ME. BROWNE, 229 



CHAPTEK XXYII. 

Mr. Richard Browne. 

Nothing is known of the ancestry, birth-place, 
or posterity of Mr. Browne ; and less, indeed, of his 
own immediate life, than that of any member of 
the Assembly in 1649. A part of the obscurity 
arises from the fact, that two persons of his name 
lived here about the same period ; the one hav- 
ing arrived about the year 1638;' the other, 
during the month of July, 1648.' The former, it 
seems, took the " oath of fealty," '^ June 27th, 
1647;"' and the latter, the ''14th of J^ovember," 
1648." The name of ^^ Ricliard Browne^'' also 
appears among the members of the preceding 

* He was one of the securities, that year, upon the bond of 
Lieut. Wm. Lewis, the Roman Catholic. See Lewis's case, in 
Bozman, vol. 2, p. 598. 

* Lib. No. 2, p. 458. 

^ Council Proceedings, from 1636 to 1657, in the Executive Cham, 
ber, p. 144. 

* Council Proceedings, p. 145. 



230 THE DAY-STAE. 

Assembly ; ^ and is affixed, about a year later, to 
the Protestant Declaration.^ One of them (the 
emigrant of 1648) usually had the prefix of " JI/t".", 
or the addition of " gerdlemayir The other, proba- 
bly, belonged to the class of yeomen.^ The 
former lived upon Clement's manor, the latter 
part of 1649/ The residence of the latter, during 
the same year, it is now impossible to give. We 
may suppose, the " gentleman " was the member 
of the Assembly ; and also one of the persons of 
consideration, in the province, who signed the 
Declaration. But the evidence of the Assembly- 
man's identity with the Protestant, is, by no means, 
conclusive. The result of the investigation is any- 
thing but satisfactory. 

' Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 

" See Declaration, Bozman, vol. 2, p. 672. 

^ He rarely had eitlier the prefix or the addition. 

* Lib. No. 3, pp. 96, 97. The plantation upon the manor was 
bought (see Lib. No. 2, p. 508) "June 29, 1649 ;" and sold, by 
" Richard Brown, gentleman " (see Lib. No. 3, pp. 101, 102), 
<' unto George Manners and his assigns," in the year 1651. 



MR. MANNERS. 231 



OHAPTEE XXYIII. 

Mr. George Manners. 

But little also can be gleaned from the records 
relating to tlie life of Mr. Manners. Enongh, 
however, remains to warrant the supposition, he 
was a soldier in the march under Colonel Price, in 
1647, against a hostile band of eastern-shore 
Indians ; ' and we know he held a seat in the 

^ The JVanticokes and the JVicomicks. Bozraan (vol. 2, p. 310) 
doubts if the "expedition" ever "took place." That it did, is 
evident. " Jas. Lindsay, at y« request of Capt. Jno. Price, saith 
upon his oath, that Lieut. Wm. Lewis was the first man, that drew 
sword, and entered the house, pullitig the mat from off the house ; 
and brought forth out of the house an Indian woman, and a child ; 
delivering her to the guard, at y march on y^ Eastern shore, 
sometime in July last ; and further he saith not. George Man- 
ners deposeth the same, and addeth further, that at the entering 
of the house, Lt. Lewis gave the word ' Give fire.' And an Indian 
bolting out of y« house, the said Lt. Lewis commanded his party 
to give fire upon the Indian also. And when both parties came 
together, Capt. Price commanded the whole party to march, and 
bid them not to wrong, or take any thing from any Indian, or 
ehoot at any Indian. And so they marched near upon two miles 



232 THE DAY-STAR. 

Assembly of the province, during the years 1649 * 
and 1650.^ We have also the evidence of the fact, 
that he was a Roman Catholic. Present at the 
signing of the Declaration, he did not affix his 
name. Upon the test questions of 1650, he acted 
with the Itoman Catholic members of the Assem- 
bly.' And he gave a legacy to the church, of 
which he was a member. He died in 1651,* 
leaving his sons William and Edward, and his 
daughter Barbara. 

back again, not shooting any gun. But the Indians, gathering 
in great companies about our men, shot a man of ours in the rear. 
And then Capt. Price commanded the company to give fire ; and 
not before. Walter Gweast deposeth idem ad verha.''^ See Lib. 
No. 2, pp. 306-307. 

^ Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 

"^ Lib. No. 3, p. 47. 

^ See, for the sake of illustration, Bozman, vol. 2, p. 389 ; and 
Lib. No. 3 (Laud-Office Kecorfls), p. 57. 

* The possessions of our forefathers, besides their lands and ser- 
vants, consisted chiefly of flocks and herds. " I give and bequeath 
to the church one red cow-calf." See will of Mr. Manners, Lib. 
No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 32. "Church," without an express decla- 
ration to the contrary, always, during that period, signified the 
Roman Catholic. And the gift was in token of the testator's 
faith. See {ex. gra.) the wills of the well-known Roman Catholics, 
Robt. Clarke, and Barnaby Jackson. See also, on the other hand, 
the note to p. 235 of this volume. 



CAPT. BAlfKS, 233 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

Captain Richard Banks. 

AssuMESTG, that Captain Banks was one of the Pro- 
testant members of the Assembly in 164:9 ; we are 
struck with the magnanimity, w^hich subsequently 
marked his career. Of his ancestry, nothing is posi- 
tively known ; and it is doubtful if he left any de- 
scendants. But we are informed of the fact, that lie 
married Margaret Hatton, the widow of the secre- 
tary's brother.' He arrived in 1646.^ His house 
was robbed by Ingle's accomplices ; ' and he 
arrested, about the same time, five Indians,* who 
were suspected of "felony," but soon afterwards 
tried and acquitted. In the Assembly of 1648, he 
represented twenty-four freemen ; " and we know, 

^ Lib. No. l,p. 440. 

■■' Lib. No. 2, p. 458 ; and Lib. A. B. and H., p. 15. 
' Robbed of tobacco sold to Capt. Cornwallii. Lib. No. 2, 
p. 303. 

* They were Patuxents. Lib. No. 2, p. 343. 

* On the 20th of January (0. S.) he held, from New-town, 



234 THE DAT-STAE. 

he sat in the same body, during the year 1649/ 
In 1652, he held the responsible post of a council- 
lor, under the sway of the Puritans ;'' yet in 1655, 
he was on the side of Governor Stone. Satisfied of 
the purity of his intentions, the victorious party, 
within a few months after the battle, gave him a 
discharge;' but the following October (having 
"done something" offensive at 'the election of 
burgesses), he was required to give securit}^ for his 
"good abearance."* From all, that can now be 
ascertained, we have reason for the belief, that his 
character was in the highest degree estimable. 
His pledge for the redemption, from captivity, 
of an orphan child, is honorable to his memory ; ^ 

" 19 proxies '' (Lib. No. 2, pp. 287, 288) ; and, on the 28th of the 
same month (p. 293, 294), " 24 voices." 

' Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 

2 Bozman, vol. 2, p. 681. 

^ •* Lieut. Richard Banks and Thomas Tunnell, being found in 
arms against the present government ; and pleading they were 
misled by the protestation of Capt. Stone, who said, he had power, 
from the Lord Protector ; and also did surrender a fort upon the 
first summons; are discharged from further trouble, in the 
action, upon their submission, and good forbearance to the present 
government." Lib. No. 3, p. 138, Proceedings of the Provincial 
Court, April Term, 1655. "• Lib. No. 3 p. 156. 

® An order was passed by the Assembly for the ransom of Thos. 



CAPT. BANKS. 235 

and illustrates a trait, for which he seems to have 
been distinguished. His acceptance of an office 
under the Puritans, suggests the idea that he 
was a Protestant ; but his subsequent sympathy 
with the government of the proprietary, and the 
part he took in the contest of 1655, would render 
the supposition extremely doubtful. A colonist of 
his surname (probably his son), was unquestionably 
a member of the English church ; ' and this fact 
strengthens the opinion, that the Assembly-man of 
1649 held the same faith. But the probability is 
weakened by the further fact, that the name of 
Banks occurs very frequently upon the records ; 

Allen's two children ; and they were required to serve the persons 
who might advance the money. But on " the 15th of September, 
1650, lieutenant" (subsequently captain) "Banks freely engageth 
himself to satisfy the 900 pounds of tobacco and cask, for the 
redemption of Thomas, the son of Thos. Allen, deceased ; accord- 
ing to the order of the Assembly for that purpose ; without any 
consideration of servitude, or any other consideration whatever, 
but his free love, and affection. Witness his hand, y" day and 
year abovesaid. Richard Banks.-' See the Assembly's Order 
(Lib. No. 3, p. 42-43) for the payment to the Indians ; and Capt. 
Banks's Engagement, Lib. No. 3, p. 26. 

^ •■' Declaring myself hereby to be a Christian, and to hold the 
Catholic faith, as it is established by the canonical doctrine of the 
Church of England, into which I was baptized." Will of Thos. 
Bankes, in 1684, Lib. G., p. 126. Catholic is, here, expressly defined 



236 THE DAY-STAR. 

and that many who bore it, were not at all related 
to each other. Accident, however, sometimes 
rewards the diligence of the student. From an 
incidental som-ce, we have the proof, that Captain 
Banks was a Protestant.^ 

^ " Now for the disposal of my children," says Thos. Allen, '' I 
would not have them live with any Papist. For my eldest son, 
Thomas, if he pleases to live with one of the overseers of this my 
will ; he may, during his pleasure." Capt. Banks was one of the 
overseers. See the Will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 15. In the 
same paper, he suggests to his overseers to offer another son to 
Mr, Phil. Conner, who had expressed a desire to adopt one of the 
children. The will is dated in 1648 ; and written, under great 
anxiety, from an apprehension of violence, or some other cause. 
The next thing, we learn, is the captivity of his orphans among the 
Indians He was an Assembly-man in 1648. 



ME. MAtmSELL. 2ST 



CHAPTER XXX. 

Mr. John Maunsell. 

Mr. Maunsell^ arrived, as early as the year 
1637;' and lived in St. Clement's hundred in 
1642.^ It would seem, his residence about ten 
years later, was in the same part of St. Mary's 
county ;^ and either there, or in the adjacent hun- 
dred of ^ewtown,^ we cannot but suppose, he may 
be traced, during the year 1649, when he held a 
seat in the General Assembly of the province. He 
did not take up many tracts of land ; and all his 
possessions were indeed rather small; but he is 
generally styled " planter " upon . the records. 
And, while his name is not often connected with 
important events in our early history, yet surely 

^ Spelt also " Mansell." 
» Lib. No. 1, pp. 68-69. 

' Records of the Executive Chamber.. Proceedings of the Assem- 
bly, Lib. 1637 to 1658, pp. 209-215. 

* Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, pp. 153-154. 

* Lib. A. B. and H., p. 167. 



238 ' THE DAY-STAE. 

two incidents demand a notice — the plunder of his 
house by Ingle's piratical party '—and his relation- 
ship towards the memorable Assembly of 1649.* 
The evidence of his faith in the Roman Catholic 
church, is purely circumstantial, but not the less 
conclusive or satisfactory. The inference is drawn 
from the absence of everything (so far as his life 
can now be illustrated), like the least taint of dis» 
loyalty toward the proprietary; from the historical 
traditions connected with the name of " Maun- 
sell'^^^'' from the faith of the gentleman, under 

* "John Maunsell maketh oath that about five years since 
(when Richard Ingle, mariner, and his accomplices, plundered 
divers of the inhabitants of this province of Maryland) divers per- 
sons of his, the said Ingle's party, plundered and took away from 
this deponent's house, in Maryland aforesaid, one hogshead of 
tobacco, which then had been paid, and belonged to Mr. Cuthbert 
Fenwick, or to Capt. Thos. Cornwallis ; and that John Rablay, of 
Virginia, was then in company of them that so plundered and took 
away the said tobacco ; which Rablay was one of them, that was 
most active and busy in employments of that nature. 

"Jurat, 5 die November, 1649, coram me, 
Lib. No. 2, p. 524. " Thos. Hatton." 

"" Lib. No. 2, pp. 488, 489. 

' The name of one distinguished, but fifty years later, in the 
Roman Catholic missions of Maryland. The records are lost, and I 
cannot trace tbe relationship ; but presume he was a member of 
the same family. Thomas was his first name. 



ME. MAtJKSELL. 239 

wlioae Special care, and immediate auspices, he 
came to Maryland ; ' from the year of his arrival, 
so distinguished for the large number of Roman 
Catholic emigrants,'^ and so near the landing of 
the original Pilgrims at St. Mary's, as to warrant 
the presumption (apart from other reasons), that he 
was a discij)le of the same church ; from the hosti- 
lity manifested (chiefly, indeed, toward Captain 
Corhwallis, but partly, also, we may suppose, 
against himself) by the Catholic-hating, Puritan 
pirate ; ' from the well-known Roman Catholic 
prefix to a tract surveyed for him ; ^ from the 
absence of his name (a fact of very great weight) 
from a Declaration signed by so many of the most 
prominent Protestants, including (it would seem) 
some of his neighbors;^ but especially from the 

^ Mr. William Bretton, the Roman-Catholic Assembly-man of 
1649. See Lib. No. 1, pp. 68-69. 

' The Rev. Thos. Copley, Messrs. Wm. Bretton, Luke Gardiner, 
Thos. Mathews, John Lewger, and the members of Mr. Lewger'a 
family, were some of the Roman Catholics, who came in 1637. See 
Lib. No. 1, pp. 19-20. 

' See Mr. Maunsell's preceding deposition. 

* '* St. John's," consisting of 100 acres, on the west side of 
Britton's Bay, was surveyed for Mr. Maunsell in 1649. Rent-Roll 
for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 1, fol. 26. 

» In Lib. B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, and on pp. 153-164, 



240 THE DAY-STAE. 

faith of Colonel William Evans/ the administrator 
upon his estate, and the guardian of his orphan 
eon' (a point, upon which our ancestors betrayed 
the keenest sensibility),' as well as the god-father 
of his supposed daughter/ No fact, in his life, 

there is a certificate of Doct. Thos. Gerrard's election, in 1652, to 
the House of Burgesses, over the signature of thirty-seven free- 
men, including Mr. Maunsell. Some of them had signed the Pro- 
testant Declaration. If Mr. Maunsell 's neighbors could affix their 
names, why was not he, also, a signer ? 

^ See Will of Col. Wm. Evans, the Roman Catholic, Lib. No. 1, 
1635 to 1674, p. 331-332. 

' Mr. Maunsell, it would seem, died about 1660, without a will. 
And his son John, then in his seventeenth year (in conformity, we 
may presume, with the faith of the family), " made choice of Capt." 
(subsequently Col.) " Wm. Evans, for his guardian ;" who imme- 
diately afterwards received instructions from the Court, to " take 
out letters of administration." See Lib. S. 1658 to 1662, Judg- 
ments, p. 343. 

* So great was the anxiety manifested by our ancestors upon this 
subject, that in some cases they provided, even in their wills, for a 
change of the guardian, upon his adoption of a different faith from 
that held by the testator. 

* No freeman, or gentleman, who bore the name of Maunsell, had 
lived here, but the Assembly-man and his son ; and from the rela- 
tionship also of Col. Evans — the godfather of the one (see his will) 
and the guardian of the other child — we infer, that Mary was the 
iister of John, and the daughter of the emigrant of 1637. In an 
age of so much earnestness, we cannot believe that a Protestant 
would allow his child to be baptized by a Roman Catholic priest ; 
or that a Roman Catholic would become the sponsor for an infant 



ME. MATJNSELL. 241 

weakens the inference ; but everything, that is 
known of him, confirms and sustains it. Even if 
he were a Protestant ; or we suppose, he was a 
delegate, either from St Clemen ('s, or from l!Tew- 
town ; he could still but represent the sentiments 
of the Eoman Catholic party. J^early all the 
inhabitants of the former hundred were the tenants 
of Doct. Gerrard ; or the suitors before the court- 
leet and the court-baron held upon St. Clement's 
manor. For nothing was the latter more noted, 
than for the great number of its Eoman Catholics. 

receiving the sacramental rite from a Protestant How natural, 
then, is the supposition, that Col. Evans, and the Assembly-man of 
1649, were members of the same church ! 



11 



243 THE DAT-STAJS. 



CHAPTEE XXXI, 

Mr. Thomas Thornborough. 

There is sufficient evidence to prove the iden- 
tity of "Thomas" with "Mr. Thornborough," the 
Assembly-man of 1649^ — to say nothing of the 
fact, that he was the only person of his surname, 
in the province, during that period. The first 
glimpse, we have of him, relates to the right, he 
held to "Mr. ITeale's Plantation," the same, I pre- 
sume, as " "Wolleston " ^ (itself a corruption of 
" Woolstanton " ') Manor, surveyed in 1642, near 
the mouth of the Wicomico,* for Capt. James. 
Keale, the privy councillor of Maryland, and the 

* In some parts of the record, he is styled " Mr. Thornborough ;" 
in others, relating to the same transactions, " Mr. Thomas Thorn- 
borough." 

' Rent Roll for St. Mary's and Charles, vol. 2, fol. 283. - 
^ The name of a town in Staffordshire. 

* Lib. A. B. and H., p. 95. 



MR. TH0EKB0E0UG3. 243 

Ancestor of the second arclibisliop ' of Baltimore. 
From some expressions in the deposition of CoL 
Jarboe, it would seem, he soon afterwards mani- 
fested a sympathy for Capt. Ingle, or the other 
enemies of the government.' But his offence is 
nowhere stated ; we know but little, if anything, 
of its nature ; although it is highly probable (look- 
ing at the subsequent Act of the Assembly) that the 
07'iginal ground of hostility had reference rather 
to the subject of a land-title than to the rightful 
authority of Governor Calvert.^ It is certain that 

^ The most Rev. Leonard Neale, who died in 1817. 

' The depositions of Col. Evans, and of Col. Jarboe, are of the 
same purport. " John Jarbo deposed, saith, that being at Kicetan, 
Mr. Calvert sent this deponent to Mr. Thornborough, to desire him 
to meet him at York, and speak with him ; and bid this deponent 
tell y« said Mr. Thornborough, that he should not fear any thing, 
what had passed in former times, and that y" plantation (meaning 
Mr. Neale's plantation, as this deponent believeth), or any thing 
else that was formerly his (to wit Mr. Thornborough's) in Mary- 
land, he would confirm it unto him. And, upon this, the said Mr. 
Thornborough. came up with Mr. Calvert. And further, meeting 
him, the said Mr. Calvert, at York ; he, the said Mr. Calvert, took 
him, the said Mr. Thornborough, by the hand, bidding him wel- 
come ; and, in this deponent's hearing, forgave him ; and spake 
the former words of gift, or such like, to him." Lib. No. 2, p. 286. 

' In case of Mr. Thornborough's attainder, or the forfeiture of a 
fee-simple title, the manor would have become, not Capt. Neale's. 



2i4 THE DAY-STAE. 

a cordial understanding was re-established between 
the governor and himself, while they were both in 
Virginia; that they returned to Maryland; that 
the latter aided the former in the defence of Fort 
St. Inigo's, as well as the overthrow of the 
rebels;' and that he was the object of the most 

but the proprietary's. Why should the legislature find it necessary 
'* to stand betwixt" the grantor and the grantee, except upon the 
supposition of a controversy, which had involved, first, the captain 
and then the governor, before the meeting in Virginia ? " Whereas 
it appeareth, that Nathanial Pope, attorney of Mr. James Neale, 
by virtue of his letter of attorney, gave unto Mr. Thos. Thornbo- 
rough the plantation, which was formerly y« said Mr. Neale's, to 
enjoy for ever, upon condition y' he would come into the country, 
and seat upon it. And whereas likewise there are divers deposi- 
tions upon record, how that Mr. Calvert, late governor, did confirm 
what was formerly belonging to the said Mr. Thornborough, in 
Maryland, before his last coming into the province to reassume 
the government ; and did give the said plantation unto the said 
Mr. Thornborough. We, the freemen assembled in this General 
Assembly, do generally and unanimously bind ourselves, to save 
y« said Mr. Thornborough harmless ; and to stand betwixt the said 
Mr. Neale and him ; whereby he, the said Mr. Thornborough, may 
go upon the said plantation, and enjoy the same." See Legisla- 
tive Proceedings of 1648, Lib. No. 2, pp. 295, 296. The convey- 
ance from Capt. Neale's attorney to Mr. Thornborough is not, 
indeed, upon the record ; and it is impossible to say exactly what 
sort of title was transferred. 

^ For his services at St. Inigo's Fort, Governor Calvert gave 
him a ** horse." Lib, No. 3, p. 43. 



I 



MB. THORNBOROUGH. 245 

bitter hate on the part of the Protestant enemies 
of the proprietary.' He also sat in the Assemblies 
of 1648* and 1649.' Considering the period of our 
provincial history, when questions of a religious cha- 
racter formed the most important element in the 
composition of political parties ; we do no violence 
to the evidence still accessible, in at least presum- 
ing,* he held the same faith as the governor and 

^ Col. Trice, Mr. Thornborough, and Thos. Hebden, were spe- 
cially " aimed at, and their deaths vowed," by the enemies of the 
government. Observe the hostility of Gray, as we find it, in the 
testimony of Edward Thompson, of Virginia, taken before the 
government of Maryland, the " 18th January, 1646," 0. S. " This 
examinantsaith, that being at his house in Chickacoan, on Wednes- 
day last, one Samuel Tailor, coming into the house, and being 
asked by this examinant, what was abroad, replied : — The speaker 
(meaning Francis Gray) had spoke once again ; and that they, 
that were the chief cause of entertaining the present governor, 
were aimed at, and their death vowed (meaning Capt. Price, 
and Thornbury, and Hebden) ; but that there was a party, that 
wouhl go over from this place (meaning Chickacoan), so soon as 
the governor is gone to Kent, or where else they can get an oppor- 
tunity to go over ; and would fire, and burn, and destroy; all, that 
they can." Lib. No. 1, p. 210. 

" In the Assembly of 1648, he sat simply as an individual free- 
man. Lib. No. 2, pp. 293-294. 

'Lib. No. 2, pp. 488-489. 

* Nothing is more reasonable — a presumption not rebutted (as 
It Is in the case of Col. Price), but greatly confirmed, with regard 



246 THE DAY-STAE. 

the proprietary. Nothing is known of his family, 
or the time of his death ; but it is not unlikely, he 
was a relative of Capt. Neale, the Koman Catholic 
gentleman, who "gave" him the plantation. 



to Messrs. Thornborough and Hebden ; for neither of them signed 
the Declaration, although the former, having business at St. 
Mary's (see Lib. No. 3, p. 43), probably went to the very spot, 
where that paper was drawn up. Of the latter's faith there is no 
doubt. See his deed to Messrs. Nicholas Causin, Barnaby Jackson, 
and Luke Gardiner, for the use of the Rev. Thos. Copley, and his 
" successors," Lib. No. 2, p. 533. I may also add, that the suppo- 
sition of two Roman Catholics out of three colonists comes nearer 
to the ratio of the former to the whole population. 



MB. PEAEE. 247 



CHAPTEE XXXII. 

Mr. Walter Peake.* 

It still remains for us, to notice tlie life of 
another Assemblj-raan of 1649 ; but one upon 
whose memory, is cast the shade of sin and shame ; 
whose fate it was, under the stern laws of that 
period, to look forward, as the consequence of his 
own deed, to the forfeiture of all his lands,'' and to 
the beggary of his children ; and, about the sixtieth 
year of his age,' to suffer a felon's death.* The 
time of his arrival is not exactly known ; but it is 
probable, he came in 1646 ; ' and that, in 1648 and 

^ Spelt also Pake. 

^ " Considering the miserable condition of the orphan," " who 
no way shared in the guilt of the parent," the proprietary subse- 
quently gave a new patent for St. Margaret's, to Margaret, the 
daughter of Mr. Peake, and the wife of John Noble. Lib. No. 17, 
p. 98. 

^ In January, 1664, he was fifty-five. See his deposition, Lib. 
B. B., 1663 to 1665, Judgments, p. 262. 

* The patent to Mrs. Margaret Noble recites his execution. 

• He brought bis eon, Peter, during that year. Lib. No. 2, p. 623. 



248 THE DAT-STAK. 

1649 (when he sat in the Assembly/ apparently 
one of the most respectable members), he resided 
in Newtown hundred; as he certainly did soon 
afterwards,^ and for a period of many years later. 
From his association with Governor Calvert," we 
cannot doubt the sincerity of his attachment to the 
proprietary's government. There is also farther 
evidence of his faith in the Koman church, 
derived from the fact, that he did not sign the 
Protestant Declaration; from the composition of 
the jury, which tried his painful case ;* from his 
intimacy with many of the noted members of 
the Roman church,^ from more than one of whom 

' Lib. No. 2, p. 288, and p. 488. 

» Lib. No. 3, p. 100 ; Lib. No. 4, p. 11 ; and Lib. F. F. 1665 to 
1669, Judgments, pp. 651-656. 

' Bozman, vol. 2, p. 640. 

* If Mr. Peake were a Protestant ; and the rule, in the eases of 
Robt. Holt and Parson Wilkinson, observed; the jury, in his case, 
would have been of the same faith. It seems, however, it was not 
a pure, but a mixed one. See, e. g., the will of the juror, Raymond 
Staplefort, Lib. G. p. 265. " And so," says he, at the end of that 
paper, *' I rest in God, and all his saints, and angels. Amen." 
Roman Catholics, it seems, never asked for a jury of their own faith. 

^ He was intimate with Philip Land, John Jarboe, Thos. Mathews, 
and James Langworth. See Lib. No. 2, p. 449, and p. 372 ; Lilx 
No. 1, p. 5C2 : ana Lib. No. 3. p. 201. 



MK. PEAKE. 249 

did his children, at different times, receive those 
gifts, which it was so mnch the practice of the 
early colonial god-fathers to present ; ' from the 
well-known Koman Catholic family of Peake, 
living in St. Mary's, as late as the American Revo- 
lution, whose ascent indeed cannot be clearly 
traced (such has been the destruction of our 
records), but who, we have but little ground to 
doubt, were either his lineal or his collateral 
descendants; from the names given to his chil- 
dren ; and from the marks borne by the tracts, he 
had taken up. His eldest daughter was named 
after the Virgin Mother ; his son, in remembrance 
of him who is regarded as the chief of the Apos- 
tles, and the founder of the universal primacy of 
the Roman see. The names* of his wife, of a 

^ See the gift from Col. Jarboe, Lib, No. 2, p. 372 ; and the one 
from Thos. Mathews, Lib, No, 1, p. 562. Doct. Mathews was pro- 
bably the god-father of Mr. Peake's son. 

' His wife was named Frances, Anne Peake was either his 
daughter, or his daughter-in-law. I am inclined to think, there 
were two persons of that name, besides his other children, Peter, 
Mary, and Margaret. Richard Lawrence gave a legacy to one of 
his children. See the will, Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 65, For 
the names of his wife and children, see Lib. No. 2, p, 372 ; Lib. 
No. 17, p. 98 : Lib. No. 2. p. 52.3 ; Lib. P.. P. 1663 to 1665, Judg- 
11^- 



250 THE DAY-STAE. 

second daughter, of a third member of his family, 
and of a friend, were, each of them, given to cor- 
responding tracts, all of which had the prefix of 
St^ More estates were surveyed for him, with the 
Roman Catholic mark, than for Governor Calvert, 
for Capt. Cornwallis, for Mr. Lewger, for Doctor 
Gerrard, or for any other Roman Catholic colonist 
in the whole province of Maryland.' The evidence 
is conclusive. 

ments, p. 226 ; Lib. No. 1, 1635 to 1674, p. 473 ; and Lib. No. 14, 
p. 82. Margaret was married to Henry Aspinall. 
' ^ St. Frances, St. Margaret, St. Lawrence, and St. Peter's Hill 
were, all of them, in Newtown hundred, St. Mary's County ; St. 
Anne's was in Charles. See Rent-Rolls. He lived upon St. Law- 
rence, at the time of his trial. 

' In counting the tracts taken up by Mr. Peake, I include St. 
Anne's, surveyed, not for him, but for Ann. Excluding that tract, 
his number equals Mr. Lewger's, or that of any other colonist. 
For Gov. Calvert were surveyed the manors of St. Michael and 
St. Gabriel ; for Capt. Cornwallis, St. Elizabeth, and West-Saint- 
Mary's Manor ; for Mr. John Lewger, St. John's Freehold, and St. 
Anne's, in St. Mary's, and St. Barbara's, and St. Thomas's in 
Charles ; for Doct. Thos. Gerrard, St. Winfred, and St. Clement's 
Manor, in St. Mary's ; for Thomas Simpson, three tracts, with the 
prefix, in Charles ; for Thos. Mathews, two, in the same county ; 
for Luke Gardiner, St. John's, and St. John's Landing, in St. 
Mary's ; for Col. Jarboe, St. John's, in Charles ; for Mr. Clarke, 
the privy-councillor, St. Lawrence, and St. Lawrence's Freehold, 
in St Mary's ; and for Mr. James Lindsey, St. James's, St. Thomas's, 



♦ ME. PEAKE. 251 

At St. Mary's city, in the month of December, 
dm-ing the year 1668, sat the high Provincial Court 
of the Right Honorable Cecil! us, the lord pro- 
prietary. Charles Calvert, the governor, subse- 
quently the third baron of Baltimore, was the 
chief justice. Before the bar of this tribunal, 
appeared this Assembly-man, indicted for the 
murder of William Price,^ by piercing him, with 
a " sword^^ " on the left," " through, to his right 
side, under the shoulder ;" and then cutting his 
" throat," to " the depth of three inches." His 
plea (the usual one in such cases) was Not Guilty, 
Thomas Sprigg^ was the chief member of the 
grand jury ; and Christopher Rowsby' (destined, 

St. Philip's, and St. James', all of them ia Charles — and two 
having the same name — four being the highest number, with the 
Roman Catholic index, taken up by any one, excepting Mr. Peake ; 
for whom, I am inclined to think, St. Anne's also was originally 
surveyed (although the certificate cannot now be found), making a 
fifth. 

* " By force and arms "— '' feloniously, and of malice fore« 
thought " — " contrary to the peace of his said lordship, his rule, 
and dignity," — are the words used in the indictment. 

^ A near relation of Gov. Stone, and the ancestor of the Spriggs 
of Calvert, now of Prince George's County. 

• Stabbed in 1684, by Col. Talbot, the deputy governor. See 
Thomas's Lessee t>. Hamilton. 1 Harris and McHenry, p. 192. 



252 THE DAY-STAK. • 

himself, many years afterwards, to die by the hand 
of violence), the foreman of the panel summoned 
to try the case. No technical objection is made to 
the indictment ; no attorney appears on the priso- 
ner's behalf ; no testimony is offered in his defence ; 
no witness for the proprietary, in any way, cross- 
examined/ The jury retire ; but soon return with 
their verdict. Asking the court to say, whether 
the deed was manslaughter, or murder ; they find 
he " is guilty of the death," but " was drunk " at 
the time, and knew' not "what he did." He 
addresses no appeal to the sympathy of the 
judges ; he submits no objection to the form of 

Respecting the governor's flight to Virginia, his conviction there, 
and subsequent retreat to a cave, in Cecil, near the Susquehannah, 
where he was fed for a long time by the falcons, a strange and 
somewhat interesting legend has also been preserved. 

' I write from the record of the case. We have no knowledge 
whatever of any cross-examination. 

' The verdict :— " We, the men of the jury, sworn upon the trial 
of the life and death of Walter Peake, do return our verdict 
specially in manner following: That Walter Peake is guilty of 
the death of Wm. Price, by wounding him, in several places of the 
body, whereof he died ; that Walter Peake was drunk, and did not 
know what he did, at the time of committing the fact aforesaid. 
Therefore, if the court are of judgment, that it was murdor, then 
the jury do find it murder ; but if not, then the jury do find it 
manslaughter." Lib. F. F. 1665 to 1669, Judgments, pp. 651-656. 



MR. PEAKE. 253 

the verdict ; but still remains in silence. " The 
whole bench, then," decide, he is guilty of " mur- 
der." But neither against the decision of the 
court, nor the impending sentence of death, 
does he utter a word. Once, and once only, did 
he open his mouth. It was the moment after the 
sentence. Then, he " desired," as a favor (and the 
request was not denied), that " he " might " suffe7^ 
death hefore his own house^ where he " /^(^ " com- 
mitted the fact P Thus perished and passed away, 
upon the gallows, in the spirit of a Catholic peni- 
tent, after a life of toilsome, heroic sacrifice in the 
wilderness, one of the men so honorably connected 
with the most sublime and magnificent conception 
of the seventeenth century ! Pojpe Ahiey was tlie 
name of his executioner^ — the only fact, which 
gives him a claim to any place upon the page of 
our country's history. 

* Convicted of cow-stealing — but the subject of a respite, — " seve- 
ral persons" having, "upon their knees," begged his " life "of 
the governor. See the last-named Liber. 



254 THE DAY-STAB. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

Conclusion. 

The result is before the reader. A word will be 
added, upon the general spirit, which distinguishes 
the era of Roman. Catholic toleration. 

For the purpose of depriving the Roman Catho- 
lics of the honor, to which they- are so clearly 
entitled, skepticism has often united with bigotry, 
in the feeble and inglorious attempt to overthrow 
the facts of external history. It has not stopped 
there. Admitting, for the argument's sake, the 
accuracy of the preceding narrative ; it has been 
busy in suggesting, with a cold-blooded malignity, 
a variety of imaginary reasons for the policy 
adopted by the proprietary. It goes upon the 
assumption, that man is mean ; that he has no 
generous, or noble spring of action. Representing 
a philosophy, which ignores not only the charity 
of the Gospel, but the very life and soul of history ; 



BIGOTRY UNITED WITH SKEPTICISM. 255 

it never records the performance of a good deed, 
without the assignment of a bad motive. And it 
has been sometimes asserted, but more frequently 
insinuated — insinuated, also, in the most crafty 
and sly manner — that the Calverts were actuated 
by considerations of a selfish sort — that the fear of 
offending the Anglo-Catholic king at one time, 
and the Puritans of England at another, was the 
real secret of the policy, for which they have been so 
much commended — and that, in giving the invita- 
tion to Christians of every name, less regard was 
felt for the lona fide principle of religious liberty, 
than for the purse of the proprietary, or for the 
success of an experiment conceived, and executed 
in the spirit of a mere money-making adventure"! ! 
Policy, indeed, of an enlightened and honorable 
sort, has always been one of the elements of a good 
government. It is also admitted, that the province of 
Maryland grew, both in population and in resources, 
during the sway of the first, and of the second 
proprietary. A course of honor is not at all times 
attended with disaster ; virtue is sometimes re- 
warded, even in this world ; and a liberal principle 
of government is not necessarily unsuccessful, in 



256 THE DAY-STAR. 

its practical or commercial results. Is nothing due 
to the memory of Washington, for spurning the 
vain and visionary offer of a crown? Does a 
gentleman regard his honor, in a purely utilitarian 
light ? Do the daughters of America, in protect- 
ing the purity of our hearth-stones, consider merely 
how impolitic is the sin, which leads them so 
swiftly to the chambers of death ? Or was 
Mammonism, under its thousand forms, either of a 
gross, or of a refined sensualism, the all-pervading, 
universal genius of society, two hundred years 
ago? 

The truth is, the ingenuous student is rather 
surprised at the small extent, to which the principle 
of a mere self-loving policy was carried. There is 
no doubt whatever, that the early Eoman Catho- 
lics of Maryland were heartily opposed to the 
political party represented by the Puritans. Nor 
were they afraid to manifest their opposition. We 
have two memorable instances. They opposed 
them by a proclamation, in favor of Charles the 
Second, within twelve months after the passage of 
the Toleration Act. And they bravely, though 
unsuccessfully, fought them, at the battle near the 



SPIRIT OF THE EARLY ROMAN CATHOLICS. 257 

Severn in 1655. The governor, who issued the 
proclamation, had been a leading member of the 
Assembly in April, 1649. He was a Roman 
Catholic, it will be remembered ; and a fair expo- 
nent of the views of the Roman Catholic party, 
on the question, which then divided the English 
nation at home. His councillors, also, had been 
in the same Assembly. And however imj)olitic 
may have been the course of Governor Green,' his 
very want of policy is the strongest evidence of 
the fact, that the administration of the proprie- 
tary's government was not shaped by any very 
great fear of the Puritans. 

The most remarkable view of the whole era 
arises from the stability of the principle, the uni- 
formity of the practice, and the unwillingness of 
the government to run to extremes in either direc- 
tion. The case of Lieut. Lewis called for the 
prompt interposition of the governor ; for the rule 
was plain. Equally plain do we find it, under the 
articles filed against Father Fitzherbert. Notwith- 
standing his indiscreet zeal, no respectable court 

* Thomas Green was the acting governor, the latter part of 
1649. See Bozman, Addison, and other authorities. 



258 THE DAY-STAK. 

could have given judgment in favor of the prose- 
cution. But how easy would it have been for a 
class of time-serving politicians to pass such a sen- 
tence, as might gratify the colonists, in the midst 
of their clamor. Considerations of policy, also, 
were then urged, but without avail, upon the pro- 
prietary. 

Cases enough have been cited, upon the preced- 
ing pages, to show also (what is the most interest- 
ing fact in the whole of our provincial history), 
I that freedom of conscience existed, not only in the 
I legislation, but also in the very heart of the colony. 
It prevailed for a period of nearly sixty years ; a 
real, active principle; and the life-guidance of 
many thousands. Cases of individual intolerance 
always produced a sensation^ — the best proof, in 
the judgment of the historical critic, that they 
formed, not the rule itself, but (to borrow a 
popular expression) the very exceptions to it. 

Let not the Protestant historian of America give 
grudgingly. Let him testify, with a warm heart ; 
and pay, with gladness, the tribute so richly due 

See Depositions, in the case of Father Fitzherbert, and other 
oases already cited ; also note upon the will of Mrs. Fenwick. 



THE INHERITANCE. 259 

to tlie memory of our early forefathers. Let their 
deeds be enshrined in our hearts ; and their names 
repeated in our households. Let them he canon- 
ized, in the grateful regards of the American; and 
handed down, through the lips of a living tradi- 
tion, to his most remote posterity. In an age of 
cruelty, like true men, with heroic hearts, they 
fought the first great battle of religious liberty. 
And their fame, without reference to their faith, 
is now the inheritance, not only of Maryland, but 
also of America. 



^61 



APPENDIX.— ]S"o. I. 



EMIGRANTS FROM ENGLAND. 
See Note 1, ante, p. 81. 

The Hon. Wm. Burgess, the leading colonist upon South River 
(see ante, pp.72-73), probably from Marlborough, in Wilts, arrived 
in 1650 ; and, at various times, transported about one hundred 
and fifty persons, including the forefathers of several of the most 
distinguished families now living in this state. He was himself, 
through his son Charles, the ancestor of the Burgesses of Westpha- 
lia ; through his daughter Susannah, of the Sewalls of Mattapany- 
Sewall, closely connected with the family of Lord Charles Balti- 
more ; through his grand-daughter Ursula, of the Davises of 
Mount Hope, who did not arrive from the principality of Wales, 
before the year 1720 ; and, through a still later female line, of the 
Bowies of Prince George's, represented by Doct. Bowie, of Upper- 
Marlborough, in 1853. 

Many, also, of the distinguished families of Kent came, about the 
year of Col. Burgess's arrival. The few only which can be named 
here, are the Ringgolds of Kent Island, now so honorably repre- 
sented, as they have been for many generations (see note 2, ante, 
p. 194), by a large number of branches ; the Hynsons, who also 
have many descendants, including two families quite remote from 



262 THE DAY-STAE. 

each other, at Chestertown, and ia other parts of this state ; the 
Dunns, who are now extinct everywhere in America, so far as 
I can ascertain, in the male line, except the branch represented by 
James L. Dunn, Esq., of Reading, Pa. ; and the families of Wickes 
(see note top. 79, also pp. 93-94), and of Leeds — the former 
having removed from Kent Island, at a very early period, to 
Eastern-Neck Island (where also is a descendant), and at present 
represented by Col. Jos. "Wickes, of Chestertown, and by many 
other descendants — the latter also having left a large posterity in 
Talbot and elsewhere, related to several of the most prominent 
historical families of Maryland. 

The Stones of Poynton Manor (see ante, p. 178), the ancestors 
of the signer of the Declaration of Independence, arrived in 1649 ; 
the forefathers of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, another signer, 
about 1680 ; and the Pacas, and the Chases, a long time after the 
Protestant Revolution. 

The ancestors of the Hon. Jas. Alfred Pearce were distinguished 
in the early judicial and parochial history of Cecil County. They 
came about 1670 ; and the Pratts (a family of planters, and the fore- 
fathers, I presume, of our other United States senator), about the 
year 1660. The latter first lived in Anne Arundel County ; and 
Thomas, the name of the senator, was borne by the emigrant, and 
by several of his immediate descendants. 

A late senator, on the side of his father. General Benjamin 
Chambers, is a Pennsylvanian — the General, however, having 
before his marriage, become a resident of Chestertown, in Mary- 
land. And the ex-senator, who resigned his seat in 1835, inherits, 
upon one side of his mother's ancestry, the blood of the Bohemian, 
who founded the colony in 1660 ; upon another, that of the Haw- 



APPENDIX, NO. I. 263 

kinses, who arrived about 1655, and of the Marshes, who came as 
early as 1650. See p. 70, p. 81, p. 263, and p. 264. 

The ancestors of the late Hon. Robert H. Goldsborougb, descend- 
ants of a very distinguished family of England, arrived about 
1670, at Kent Island. They are now represented by the Golds- 
boroughs of Myrtle-Grove, of Frederick, and of many other parts 
of the State. The very manners of this senator illustrated the ' 
gentleness of his blood. 

The Tilghmans of The Hermitage, represented by so many hon 
orable men, including the president of the constitutional conven 
tion of Maryland in 1774, and a chief-justice of Pennsylvania, 
arrived about 1655. They came from Snodland, in Kent ; and 
their arms are : Per f esse sa. and ar. a lion ramp, reguard; tail 
forked, counter changed, crowned or. The crest is a demi-lion 
sejant sa. crowned or. No family of Maryland has exhibited a 
higher proof of piety — of that piety which manifests itself, in the 
reverence and affection cherished for the memory of those, from 
whom we derive our earliest being and blood — a sentiment 
indeed, which forms the only foundation, either directly or through 
sympathy and association, of the true historical taste. They took 
up many tracts, including " Tilghman-and-Foxley-Grove," upon 
which Chestertown was subsequently founded, then held, if I mis- 
take not. through an intermarriage, by the Wilraers of Kent. I 
regret, I have not, at this moment, my memoranda before me. 

The family of Hawkins, first of Poplar Island, afterwards of 
Queenstown ; one of them a judge of the Provincial Court, about 
1700 ; another (Ernault), at a later period, the surveyor-general 
of the customs ; arrived from Nominy Bay about 1655 ; but came 
from London, several years earlier. Through the Fosters and the 



264 TEE DAY-STAR. 

Lowes, they were connected with the family of Lord Charles Bal- 
timore. They were also connected with the DeCourcys ; and> 
through the Marshes, are the ancestors of the Formans of Clover- 
Fields ; of the Tilghmans, of Hope ; and of the Chamberses, and 
other families, at Chestertown. And they are connected with the 
"Williamses, of Roxbury, through a resident of Baltimore — Eliza- 
beth, the daughter of Matthew, having married the late George 
Williams ; and left eight children, including George Hawkins 
Williams, of the latter city. Of John, the judge of the Provincial 
Court, the father of the surveyor-general, and the son of Thomas 
the emigrant, a very interesting memorial remains, in the pos- 
session of the vestry at Centreville — consisting of a large and 
massive piece of silver plate, in a noble state of preservation. A 
fragment of his son's tombstone may yet be seen, near Queen's- 
town ; but the date of Ernault's death can be ascertained, only by 
a reference to the correspondence of Elizabeth, his widow, now 
in the keeping of the descendants of the Hon. Thomas Hands, at 
Chestertown, 

The Thompsons, of Cecil, subsequently of Queen Anne's and 
of Kent, arrived about 1665. Col. John Thompson, the emigrant, 
is distinguished in the history of the early treaties with the 
Indians upon the Delaware ; and held a great variety of offices, 
including that of a provincial judge at St. Mary's. He married a 
daughter of Augustine Herman ; and left a son bearing the bap- 
tismal name of the Bohemian. Augusta, Jiugusten, and Augus- 
tene, the names of his descendants, are but abbreviations or cor- 
ruptions of Augustina derived from Augustine. The Thomp- 
sons of Kent Island, including the clergyman, are some of the 
descendants of this emigrant. See also ante, p. 80. Col. 



APPENDIX, NO. I. 265 

/Thompson, it is not improbable, was related to the cousin of Col. 
Clayborne. See ante, p. 78. 

The family now represented by Doct, Peregrine Wroth, of 
Chestertown, descendants (there is strong reason to believe) of the 
Wroths of Durance (a highly distinguished house), arrived about 
1G70. To this gentleman I have expressed my thanks, for the 
interest so generously manifested, in the success of all my 
researches. 

The Sewalls, of Mattapany-Sewall, connected with the Hon. 
Wm. Burgess, and with the family of Lord Chas. Baltimore, came 
about 1660. Henry was the name of the emigrant. From the 
first, they were Roman Catholics. See also ante, p. 73, and p. 169. 

The Spriggs, the ancestors of the late governor, came, it 
seems, from Northamptonshire, about 1655. Thomas was the name 
of the emigrant. One of the tracts taken up by him, was called 
Kettering, the name of a town in that county. Northampton was 
another tract held by him 5 and the family seat, if I am correctly 
informed, for many generations. 

The Taneys (the ancestors of the present chief-justice of the 
United States), arrived about 1660, and lived in Calvert. Michael, 
which runs through so many generations, was the name of the emi- 
grant. The noble part he played in 1689, has already been 
noticed. In the late ** Lives of the Chief-Justices," and also in 
" The Southern Quarterly Review," it is erroneously said, that he 
held the faith of the Roman Catholic Church. See ante, p. 92. 

The Tylers, of Prince George's County, came about 1660. X 
Robert was the emigrant's name. They are now represented by 
the Tylers of that county, and of Frederick, including Saml. Tyler, 
of Frederick city, the author of several works, and one of the 
12 



266 THE DAY-STAK. 

commissioners for the reform of the practice, in the courts of 
Maryland. 

The Lowes of Talbot, and, it would seem, of St. Mary^s also 
— the branch in the latter county being represented by ex- 
governor Lowe— arrived about the year 1675. They were closely 
connected with the family of Lord Charles Baltimore ; and came 
from Denby, in Derbyshire. Their arms are : — Az. a hart trip- 
pant ar. And the crest is a wolf passant ar. One of the wills 
at Annapolis points directly toward Denby. See also Burke. 
And I am inclined to think, Lady Jane Baltimore was a descend- 
ant of the family at that place. Lord Baltimore calls Vincent 
Lowe his " brother." 

The Claggetts of St. Leonard's Creek, ancestors of the first 
Anglo-Catholic bishop of Maryland, came in 1G71. Thomas, the 
emigrant, was the descendant, on bis father's side, of a mayor of 
Canterbury ; on his mother's, of Sir Thomas Adams, a lord mayor 
of London, and a cavalier in the reign of Charles the First. Their 
arms, which were admitted and confirmed in the visitation of the 
heralds, are impaled upon the original seal of the bishopric of 
Maryland. And they have various descendants, in the male as 
well as female line, including Doct. Claggett, of Leesburg, Va. ; 
Prof. Saml. Chew, and the Rev. John. H. Chew, of Maryland. 
Thraugh a daughter of the third Thomas from Col. Claggett, of 
London, they are the ancestors also of the Davises, of Moun't 
Hope. Their arms are : — Erm. on a /esse sa. three pheons or. 
For an impression from the seal of the bishopric, I beg to express 
my thanks to the Rt. Rev. Doct. Whittingham. See also ante, 
p. 99. 
The Addisons of Oxon-Hill, the descendants of the family in 



267 



Cumberland County, and represented by Doct. Edmund B. Addi- 
son, by Wm. Meade Addison, Esq., and by many other living 
gentlemen, came about the year 1678. John, the emigrant, was 
a privy-councillor soon after the Protestant Revolution 5 but had 
opposed the revolutionary party. See also ante, p. 147. 

I cannot give the year, the Dorseys arrived ; but it v/as proba* 
bly some time before the Protestant Revolution. Col. Ed. Dorsey^ 

V 
■ of Baltimore County (I presume, the emigrant), died about 1700, 

leaving a large number of children ; and giving to his sons^ 
Charles, Lacon, Francis, and Edward, all his lands on the north 
side of the Patapsco ; to his son Samuel, a part of " Major's 
Choice," and his " silver-hilted sword ;" to his sons Nicholas, and 
Benjamin, a parf of " Long Reach," at " Elk Ridge ;" and to his 
son Edward, his silver tankard, silver tobacco-box, and " seal gold 
ring." This is now one of the most extensive families of Mary- 
land ; and they are probably of an English original. Col. Dorsey, 
I presume, was the ancestor of the ex-chief-justice. 

The Darnalls, of Loudon, arrived about twenty years before the 
Protestant Revolution. Col. Henry Darnall, the emigrant, M'aa 
the son of Philip Darnall, and a kinsman of Lord Baltimore. For 
the part he performed, in 1G89, the reader is referred to the Nar- 
ratives. See ante, pp. 87-100. He resided at The Wood-Yard, 
in Prince George's County ; and, a later period, at Portland 
Manor, in Anne Arundel. He left many descendants 5 and bis 
tombstone is at The Wood-Yard, now (as it has been, for several 
generations) in the possession of the Wests ; and the most inte- 
resting family seat, I have yet seen, in Maryland. The vane upon 
the house-top, the wainscottcd wall — the other relics, and memo- 
rials relating to the era of the Darnalls— -are nil preserved with 



>■ 



M$ THE DAY-STAR. 

ihe most studious care. I give this testimony, witii a grateful 
heart. It is honorable, in the highest degree, to the taste and 
piety of the present proprietors. The Darnalls were Roman 
Catholics. 

The Brents, the Neales, and other distinguished Roman Catholic 
families arrived before 1649 ; and are therefore not here noticed. 
In making selections subsequently to that year, I have confined 
myself chiefly to the Protestants ; for whose special benefit, the 
principle of religious liberty was extended, by the Act of the 
Assembly, to all believers in Christianity. Let the living sons of 
Maryland know something of the blessings enjoyed by their ances- 
tors, under the beneficent government of the Roman Catholic pro- 
prietaries. 

Most of the persons, whose arrival is sketched in this Appendix, 
held the right, I presume, to a coat of arms. But not knowing the 
■fact, I have said nothing; well assured, how many spurious 
escutcheons are now used in this country ; and fully aware of the 
danger of running into very gross mistakes. 



APPENDIX, NO. n. 269 



APPEJSTDIX.— JSTo. II. 



See ante, p. 80 and p. 107. 

SETTLEMENT UPON THE BOHEMIA.— EXTRACT FROM 
HERMAN'S JOURNAL. 

From the extract, it seems the colonists did not arrive till 16GL 
But there is evidence, aliunde, that the foundation of the colony 
was laid in 1660. 

" By letter, Sept. 18, his Lordship, in acceptance thereof, recom- 
mended the granting to the Honorable Philip Calvert, Esquire, 
then Governor — And was then supposed* the one tract to contain 
about 4,000 acres ; the other 1,000 acres ; good, plantable land — 
danger of Indians not then permitting a certain inspection, nor 
survey of that far-remote, then unknown wilderness. 

" Whereupon, January 14, a Patent of free Denization issueth 
forth out of the office ; and Augustine Herman bought all the land 
there (hj permission of the Governor and Council) of the Susque- 
sahanoh Indians, then met with the great men out of the Susque- 
saliannoh .Fort at Spes-Uty Isle, upon a treaty of soldiers * as 
the old Record will testify, and thereupon took possession ; and 
transported his people from Manhattam, now New York, 1661, 
(with groat cost and charge) to inhabit." • 

* In the MS. copy, this word is very indistinctly written. 



270 THE DAY'STAE. 



appe:^dix.— 1^0. in. 



See ante, p.l52, note 1. 

FAITH OF THE JURORS, IN THE CASE OF THE 
PISCATAWAY INDIANS. 

I HAVE said, the first twelve, there is strong reason to believe, 
were Roman Catholics ; but I arranged them, not in conformity 
with the record, but simply with a view to my own convenience. 
The follov/ing is the or&er observed upon the record : — 

Cuthbert Fenwick, foreman ; William Bretton ; Nicholas 
Gwyther ; John Steerman ; Edward Packer ; Richard Banks ; 
Philip Land ; Wm. Evans ; John Lawson ; Richard Hoskins ; 
William Johnson ; John Medley; Richard Willan ; Henry Adams ; 
Robert Cadger ; John NichoUs ; Daniel Clocker ; James Lang- 
worth ; John Thimbleby ; William Edwine ; John Taylor ; John 
Harwood ; Zachary Wade ; and Thomas Sympson. 

Three of the preceding jurors had been in the Assembly of 
1649. 

Most of the Roman Catholics are easily distinguished by a refe- 
rence to their wills. See, e. g., the wills of Philip Land, and 
William Evans.* Richard Hoskins is the only one, of whom I enter- 



APPENDIX, NO- III. 271 

Xaia a doubt. But we have the best ground for the belief, that he 
was the same person as Richard Hotchlveys, of "The Cross/' and 
whose name is written in a variety of ways — a very common thing, 
two hundred years ago. Edward Packer, for instance, was the 
same, it would seem, as Edward Parker, a kinsman of Mr. Bretton. 
See his will. In the index to the Land Warrants, on p. 17, for 
Lib. No. 1, Hichard Hoskins, it appears, is spelt •' Richard Hodg 
key ;" on p. 622, for the same liber, " Richard Hodgkeys ;" p. 136, 
for Lib. No. 3, " Richard Hodskeys f ' in the oldest book of wills, 
''Richard Hotchkeys ;" and, iu the index to that book, " Richard 
Hotchkey." It is not improbable, that Nicholas Gwyther, a thur- 
teenth, was also a Roman Catholic ; although I have not included 
him. 

Four of the Protestant jurors (Messrs. Steerraan, Nichols, 
Clocker, and Edwin) had signed the Declaration. Capt. Banks, a 
fifth, had been in the Assembly of 1640 ; and it is quite evident, 
that Robt. Cadger was a sixth. See his will ; and the one also of 
his son, Robert. John Lawson, in his will, desires to be buried 
" according to the canon of the Church of England ;" and speaks 
of John Taylor, the god-father of his daughter, " Jean." It is 
highly probable, therefore, that Messrs, Lawson and Taylor, 
making a seventh and eighth, were both Protestants of the Anglo- 
Catholic type. 

It would be unsafe to assert any thing positive, with regard to 
the faith of the remaining four, Messrs. Guythcr, Ilarwood, AVade, 
and Sympson ; though it is quite probable, Mr. HaiVood was a 
Protestant. 

The result, then, so far as the investigation has been successful, 
presents twelve Roman Catholics against eight Protbstants. Nor 



272 1HE DAY-STAE, 

is it certain, that these eight (a point of the first importance) all 
lived, in St. Mary's, in 1653. 

Excluding Messrs. Packer, and Hoskins, we have ten Roman 
Catholics against eight Protestants, 



273 



INDEX. 



AccoMACs:— A tribe of Indians, 112. 
Under the Rule of the Foichatans, 
112. 

Act Concerning Religion, 54. Its Lead- 
ing Provisions, 54-67. Its Influence 
upon the Colonization of Maryland, 
68-86, and 101-107. 

AddisoxNS, of Oxon-Hill, the English 
county they carae from, 266; Their 
Arrival, 266; Their Earliest Home in 
Maryland, 147. The Emigrant a Privy 
Councillor, 267. Opposed to the Revo- 
lution of 1689, 267. His Posterity, 
267. 

Addison, Wm. Meade, Arrival of his 
Ancestry, 267. 

Address to the Crown from the Protest- 
ants of Kent, 93. See also Protest- 
ant Revolution. 

Allen, Thomas, Extracts from his Will, 
236 ; Friend of Captain Banks, 236 ; 
Had been in the Assembly ; 227 ; 
Apprehensive of Violence, 236. His 
Children held Captive by the Indians, 
236; Captain Banks's Engagement 
to redeem one of them, 235. Faith 
of Mr. Connor and Captain Banks 
derived from his Will, 236. 

Alney, Pope, the Hangman of Walter 
Peake, 253; Convicted of Cow-Steal- 
ing, 253. 

Altham, Rev. Father, 159, 160. 

Anglo-Catholics: — the probable num- 
ber in the Assembly of 1649, 137. 

Anolo-Catholics : — the Term CalhoUc 
applied to them, upon the Early 
Provincial Records, 32 and 235. 

Anglo-Catuolics : — Compact between 
an Anglo-Catholic King and a Roman 
Catholic Prince, 26-34. Fidelity of 
the Prince, 35. HoliJ^ in the Creeds, 
and Catholic, upon the Provincial 
Records, applied to the English 
Church,32. "Holy Clmrnh " included 

1 



A. 



the English Branch, 30. Illustration 
from the early Charters of the Eng- 
lish Crown, 30. Case of Lewis, 81. 
Case of Doctor Q-errard, 33. Chapel at 
St. Mary's, 32. Anglo-Catholics at 
Jamestown, 27. Extract from their 
Charter, 27. Anglo-Catholics upon 
Kent Island, 142. Anglo-Catholics 
upon South River, 72. Anglo-Catho- 
lics upon Patuxent,74. Anglo-Catho- 
lics in St. George's Hundred, 145- 
148. The Probable NumSer of Anglo- 
Catholics in the Assembly of 1649, 
137. Anglo-Catholic clergyman of St. 
Mary's, the first, 145, 146. Eirly 
Anglo-Catholic Clergymen of Kent 
Island, 142, 14:3. Anglo-Catholic 
Bishop of Maryland, the first, ances- 
try of, 266. His Arms, 266. Anglo- 
Catholic Bishop of Maryland, the 
third, his ancestry, 179. The settle- 
ment upon Kent Island the offshoot 
of an Anglo-Catholic Colony, 142. 
Early Anglo-Catholic families of St. 
George's, 145-146. The Wickliffes, the 
Cadgers, the Rlarshalls, the Addisons, 
and other Anglo-Catholic families of 
St. George's, 146-147. Earliest Deed 
for the Support of the Anglo-Catholic 
ministry, 146. The Gift of " three 
heifers," 146. First reference to a 
Parish, 146. " The Neck of Wicoco- 
raico," 146. Wickliffe, the organ of 
the Anglo-Catholics, 147. Wickliffe 
and Wesley, 147. 

Anglo-Catholic Bishop of Maryland, 
the first, his ancestry, 266. 

Anglo-Catholic Bishop of Maryland, 
the third, his ancestry, 179. 

Anglo-Catholic Clergyman of Saint 
Mary's, the first after the landing 
of the Pilgrims, 145-146. 

Anglo-Catholic Clergymen of Kent, 
the earlv, 142-143. 

9^- 



274 



INDEX. 



A. 



Anglo-Catholic Bishopric of Maryland, 
the original arms of, 266. 

Annapolis : — Erected into a port of 
Entry, as late as 1683, 117. A Rival 
upon South Kiver, T2. The govern- 
ment removed from St. Mary's to 
Annapolis, 108. 

Anne Arundel County : — Original seat 
of the Puritans, 151. Small num- 
ber of estates, with the U. C. Pre- 
fix, 151. Home also of the Qua- 
kers, 151. First settlement, in 1649, 
63. Greenberry's Point, the site of 
the first Puritan town, 68-69, and 
117. The Severn, 68. James Cox, 70. 
Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, and 
Thomas Marsh, 69-70. The county 
represented as early as 1650, 70. 
Anglo-Catiiolics upon South Kiver, 

72. William Burgess, 72. South River' 
Club, 73. London founded by Colonel 
Burgess, 73. A rival of Annapolis, 

73. London and Annapolis erected 
into ports of entry, in 1683, 117. Fort 
Horn, 177. The battle-field of 1655, 
177. Monumental Inscriptions upoh 
South ftiver, 73. Quakers upon West 
River, 77. The Prestons, Thomases, 
and Richardsons, 77. But one R. 
C. family, in the whole county, 
in 1689, 92. Opposition of the inliabi- 
tants to the Protestant Revolution, 
92. The richest and most populous 
County, in 1659, 92. Contest with 
Calvert, respecting her boundary 
Line, lo6. Her position overruled 
by the Legislature, 106 ; but fully 
sustained by the Records, 107. Ma- 
jor's Choice, and the Hon. Thomas 
Marsh, 107. 

Annivkrsary of the St. Tammany So- 
cieties, 112. 

Antagonism between the State and the 
Ciiurch,17And 64. 

Anthumpt, the Indian, Gift to Him, 
from Mrs. Fenwick, 216. 

Armorial Bearings : — Anns of the Bur- 
gesses, 72 ; of the Calverts, 162 ; of 
the Claggetts, 2CS ; of the Kltouheads, 
217; of the Hansons, 79; of the 
Hattoiis. 202; of the Lowes, 2.66; 
of the Thomases, 82; of the Tilgh- 
mans, 263. Armorial seals, 72, 266, 
163, and 79. Arms of the Province, 
163. Armsof the State, 163. Original 
arms of the Bishopric, 266. Presumed 
right of many of the early planters, 
268. Danger of running into very 
gross mistakes, 383. )1 .-.illic lily. 



A. 



227. Early Practice of Carving ar* 
morial bearings upon plate, 120. 
Baltimore bird, 122. The fleur-de- 
lis, a favourite device of the early 
Roman Catholic planters, as a part 
of their cattle-mark, 226. 
Armorial Seals:— Preservation of the 
Seal of Colonel Burgess, 72. Original 
Seal of the Bishopric, 266. Seal of 
one of the early Hansons of Kent, 
79. Seal of the Province, 163. Seal 
of the State, 163. 
Arrival of the Addisons, 267; of tha 
Beales, S3; of the Bennetts, 69; 
of the Bowies, 83; of the Brasha- 
ers, 84; of the Brents, 268; of the 
Brettons, 224; of the Brooks, 74; of 
the Burgesses, 261 ; of the Calverta, 
168 and 171 ; of the Carrolls, 262 ; of 
the Causins, 84; of the Chamberses, 
262 ; of the Chases, 262 ; of the Clag- 
getts, 266 ; of the family of Comegys, 
85; of the Conners, 220; of the Con- 
tees, 84 . of the Darnalls, 267 ; of th» 
Dc Cour'cys, 83 ; of the Diniossas, 79 ; 
of the Dorseys, 267 ; of the Dunns, 
262; of the Du Valles, 84; of the 
Edmonstons, 83; of the Fen wicks, 
207; of the Goldsboroughs, 263; of 
the Greens, 181 ; of the Hansons, 
79 ; of the Hattons, 200 ; of the 
Hawkinses, 263 ; of the Hermans, 
8J; of the Hynsons, 261; of the 
Jarbos,84; of the Lacounts, 84; of 
the Lamars, 84 ; of the faiuily of 
Leeds, 262 ; of the Lloyds, 69 ; of 
the Lockermans, 85 ; of the Lowes, 
266; of the Magruders, 83; of the 
Mannerses, 231 ; of the Marshes, 69 ; 
of the Maunsells,237; of the Neales, 
268; of the Pacas, 262; of the 
Pearces, 262; of the Peakes, 247; of 
the Piles, 187 ; of the Pratts, 262 ; of 
the Prices, 183; of the Ricauds, 85; 
of the Richardsons, 82 ; of the Ring- 
golds, 261; of the Sewalls, i|65; of 
the Shipleys, 82 ; of the Snowdens 
82; of the Spriggs, 265; of the 
Stones, 262 ; of the Taneys, 265 ; of 
tha Tettershalls, 187; of the Tho- 
mases, 8.:; of the Thompsons, 264; 
of the Tilghmans, 263 ; of the Tylers, 
265; of the Vaughans, 19J ; of the 
1 Family of Wickes, 26i ; of the Wil- 
! kinsons, 2J4; of the Wi.rthingtons, 
I 83; and of the AVroihs, 265. 
I AscENDENCV of the Puritans, 86; their 
Intolerance, 86. 
Asskmblv- of Maryl.inl, its Early Con- 



INDEX. 



275 



Btitution, 42-48, and 142. Its analogy 
to the primitive Parliament of Eng- 
land, 42. Contrast with the Wite7ia- 
gemiit, 51). 

AssKMBLY of 1638, the earliest of which 
we have a satisfactory accounr, 
211. Cuthbert Feiiwick, a raember, 
211. 

A.SSEMBLY of 164S, 143 and 144. Names 
of the Uurgesses, 144. Their Protest, 
144. 

ASSE.MBLY of 1649, 41-5S. Names of the 
Burgf-sses, 13J and 135. Their faith, 
136-137, and 207-253. The Toleration 
Act, 54-67. Hill of Charges. 49 and 
133. Act relating to the recovery of 
the Province, 131. 

Assembly of 1650, 131-132. Names of 
the Burgesses, 132 Their Faith, 148. 
Declaratory Act, 131. Act of Recog- 
nition, 148. Declaration of the Pro- 
testant members, 71, 72. 

AS3KMBLY of 16S9, 83. Report of the 
commissioners to the Indians, b7. 
Report of the committee of Secrecv, 
88. Their accusation against Col'inel 
Darnall, and the other Roman Catho- 
lic Depury Governors, 89. See also 
Protestant Revolution. 

Augusta Carolina, the Name of St. 
Mary's County, 47. 



B. 



Baltimorb, barons of, 162-170 ; George, 
163-64; Cecilins, 164-168; Charles 
the First, 169; Benedict Leonard, 170 ; 
Charles the Second, 170; Frederick, 
170 ; their descendants at Mount 
Airy, 170. 

Baltimore bird, 121. 

Baltimore City, its site, probably, with- 
in the territory of tlie Piiicatuwui/s, 
111. 

Baltimore county erected, 105. Settle- 
ment upon Bohemia River, 80. Bohe- 
mia Maii'ir within tlie original limits, i 
106. Karliest Courts of the County! 
probably lield upon the Flastern Shore, ' 
106. The first foot-prints of civiliza- | 
tion upon the Western Sliore, li)6. ' 
Identity of Palmer's Island with ; 
AVatson's, 107. Clayborne's early I 
trading-post, 107. Spesutia Island, I 
] 07 and 269. Augustin Herman, 107. i 
His treaty with the Susquehannockfi, 
269. Labadyists, 81, Col. Nathaniel 
Utye, 107. Site of Baltimore city i 



within the supposed territory of tbg 
Piscataways, 111. The Dorseys, 267. 

Baltimore, Lady Jane, wife of the Hon. 
Henry Sewall, 169; subsequently of 
Lord Cliarles Baltimore, 169 ; a sup- 
posed descendant of the Lowes, of 
Denby. 266; and the mother of the 
Hon.Maj. Nicholas Sewall, of Matta- 
pany-Sewall, 73 and 231. 

Banks, Thomas, 235. Extract from 
his will of 1684, 235. Cntholic ap- 
plied to the faith of the English 
Church, 235. 

Banks, Capt. Richard, a law-giver of 
1649, 135. Hia faith, 236. His en- 
gagement to rediieni from captivity, 
the child of Thos. Allen, 235. Notice 
of his life, 233-236. His marriage to 
the widow of Mr. Secretary Hatton's 
brother, 233. 

Battle between the Roman Catholics 
and the Puritans, 177-17S ; the Gover- 
nor wounded, 177 ; a surrender, and a 
court-martial, 177. Skirmish be- 
tween Capt. Cornwallis and Colonel 
Clayborne's Lieutenant, 211. Attack 
of Cood upon the State House, in 
16S9, 91 and 97. Surrender of Col. 
Digges, 97. Siege of Mattapany- 
House, 98. Surrender of Col. Darn- 
all, 99. 

Beales, their arrival, 83 ; one of the 
largest families of Maryland, 83; CU. 
Nitiian Beale, 83. 

Bearings. See Armorial Bearings. 

Bed-ciiambeks, 120 ; much attention 
T>aid t) the furniture. 120. See also 
Mrs. Fen wick's will, 215. 

Bennett, Gov. Richard, his posterity, 
69. 

Bennett, Richard, the largest land- 
holder of the province, 69. Prefix 
of Squire, 69. His tombstone at Ben- 
nett's Point, 69. His ancestry, 69. 

Bill of charges, at the Assembly, of 
1649, 49, and 180. Per-diem of the 
Burgesses, 49. 

Bishopric of Mil., original seal of, 266. 
See Armorial Bearings, and Armorial 
Seals. 

Blo' D of Aboriginal Chiefs represented, 
103. 

Blood, the best Roman Catholic, de- 
rived by the Lloyds, and other dis- 
tinguished Protestant families, from 
the Neales, 150. See also Neales. 

BOHEMiA.N. emigrants, 80 and 85. 

Boundaries: — The Northern boundary 
of Maryland included the site of 



276 



INDEX. 



B. 



Philadelphia, 167; the Eastern, the 
Swedish settlements upon the Dela- 
ware, 167. Early boundaries of the 
. counties, 106. Cecil, 106. Baltimore, 

106. Anne Arundel, 106. Contest 
between Anne Arundel and Calvert, 

107. Original boundary line, 106. 
Major's choice, 107. 

BowiKS of Prince George's, 83. The 
governor's ancestry probably Scotch, 
83. Their arrival, 83. Their rela- 
tionship to the family of Wm. Bur- 
gess, the early Deputy-Governor, 261. 

Bradnox, Capt. Thomas, a freeman, in 
the Assembly of 1648, 220. High sheriff 
of Kent, 124. The friend of Mr. 
Secretary Hatton, 125. Note to him 
from Mr. Hatton, introducing John 
De Courcy, 201. Could not write, 125. 
Tried for cattle-stealing, 124. 

Brashaers, 84. Their arrival, 84. Ori- 
ginally from France, but directly from 
Va., 84. Their posterity, 84. 

Brashaer, Doct., of New Market, his 
ancestry, 84. 

Bkents, their arrival, 268. Their faith, 
268. Blood of aboriginal chiefs, 108. 
Capt. Giles Brent's books, 216. Spirit 
of a Protestant Vandal, 216. Brents 
of Charles county, 189. Their sup- 
posed relationship to the Pilt-s, 189. 
Relationship to the Fenwicks, 218. 

BKENT3 of Louisiana, supposed descend- 
ants of the Hon. John Pile, 189. 

Bkent, Robt. James, late attorney- 
general, his ancestry, 189 and 218. 

Bretton, William, a law-giver of 1649, 
135. His faith, 226-227. Notice of 
his life, 224-228. His gift of a church 
lot, 227. His cattle-mark, 226. Fieur- 
de-lis, 227. Poverty of his children, 
226. Application ol ever -immaculate 
to the Virgin Mother, 228. 

Brock, Rev. Father, his arrival, 159. 

Brooke, Hon. Robert, founder of the 
little colony upon the Patuxent, 74. 
Persons introduced by him, 74-75. 
Ancestor of the present Chief Justice 
of the United States, 75. President 
of the Provincial Council, 76. Ances- 
tor of the Brookes of Brooke-Grove, 
75. Manor of Z>e Za .S/'00&«, 75. 

Bkookks, of Brooke-Grove, their ances- 
try, 75. 

Brookes, of Prince George's county, 
descendants, many of them, of the 
Hon. Robt. Brooke, 75. 

Brookes, of De la Brcoke. See Hon. 
Robt. Brooke. 



Browne, Richard, a law-giver of 1649, 
135. Notice of his life, 229-230. His 
faith and identity involved in doubt, 
229-230. 

Burgesses of 1643, 1649, and 1650:— 
Their names, faith, &c. See Assem- 
bly. The democratic element, 42. A 
distinct branch of the Assembly in 
1649, 140. 

Burgess, Hon. Wm., a leading colonist, 
upon South River, 72. His armorial 
bearings, 72. Founder of London, 
73. A Deputy-Governor, 73. His 
epitaph, 73. Large number of emi- 
grants introduced by him, 261. His 
Posterity, 261. 

Burgesses, of South River, 71-74, and 
261. Their armorial bearings, 72. 
Ancestry of the Burgesses of West- 
phalia, and of the Sewalls, the Da- 
vises, and the Bowies, 261. 

Burgesses, of Westphalia. See Hon. 
Wm. Burgess, and Burgesses of South 
River 



Cadgers, a very early Anglo- Catholic 
family of St. George's, 146. Their 
Devises, 146-147. 

Calvert County, erection of, 104. Boun- 
dary line between Calvert and Anne 
Arundel, 107. Controversy, 106. 
Major's choice, 107. Settlement of 
Robt. Brooke, anterior to the erection 
of Calvert, 74. The Claggetts, 99 
and 266. The Smiths, of St. Leonard's 
Creek, 98. The Taneys, 96 and 265. 
A Protestant County in 1689, 92. 
" Men of Note " opposed to the Pro- 
testant Revolution, 92. The PaUix- 
enis. 111. 

Calvert, Leonard, the chief of the ori- 
ginal Pilgrims, 171. The first Gover- 
nor of the Province, 37. His death, 
42, and 173. Toleration, under his 
Administration, 36-38. Sketch of his 
life and character, 171-174. His 
faith, 174. 

Calverts. See Barons of Baltimore, 
and Armorial Bearings. See also 
Coin, and Armorial Seals. Family 
seats in England and in Maryland, 
163, 169, and 170. Arms upon the 
Great. Seal, 163. See also Leonard 
Calvert. 

Calverton, Manor of, 196. Intended 
for the dwelling-place of six abori- 
ginal nations, 196. 



INDEX. 



277 



Canvass-back duck, 121. 

Carroll, Charles, of CarroUton, arrival 
of his ancestry, 262. 

Carroll, Henry J., children of, suppos- 
ed descendants of the Hon. John 
Pile, 189. 

Cases: — Case of Lord Baltimore and 
the Penns, 16T; of Capt. Banks, 234; 
of Captain Bradnox, 124; of Robert 
Clarke, 197; of Colonel Clayborne 
(appeal to the Crown-), 166-168; of 
Edward Commins, the Protestant 
Vandal, 216; of John Cowman, the 
wizard, 125; of Father Fitzherbert, 
55-62 ; of Doct. Gerrard, 83 and 147 ; 
of Robt. Holt, 153; of Martin Kirk 
and others, 21,6 ; of Lieut. Lewis, 31 ; 
of Doct. Lumbrozo, the Jew, 65-07 ; 
of Overzee vs. Cornwallis, 155; of 
the Patuxent Indians, 233 ; of Wal- 
ter Peake, 251 ; of John Pile, 188 ; of 
the Piscataway Indians, 151-152 ; 
of Col. Price, 184; of Richard Smith, 
92-93 ; of Gov. Stone, 178 ; of Michael 
Taney, 92 and 104; of Thornborough 
m. Neal, 244 ; of Thos. Tunnell, 234 ; of 
Capt. Vaughan, 191 ; and of Parson 
Wilkinson, 153. 

Catholic, the word, applied, upon the 
early provincial Records, to the Eng- 
lish Church, 32, and 235. 

Cattle-stealing, 124. Case of Captain 
Bradnox, 124. 

Causin, Hon. John M. S., iiis ancestry, 
84. See also Causins. 

Causins, of Causin's Manor, 84. Their 
arrival, 84. Name of the emigrant, 
246. Marriage of his widow to the 
Hon. Robt. Clarke, 199. A trustee 
for the Roman Catholic Missionaries, i 
246. I 

Cecil County, erected, 105. Its early j 
boundary, 106. Bohemia Manor, ' 
105. See also Baltimore County, and ; 
Augustine Herman ; and the Pearces, 
the Thompsons, and the Hermans. l 

Cecilius, the proprietary, sketch of his 
life and character, 162-170. A law- \ 
giver of 1649, 134. His faith, 26. 

Chairs, 119. Their great scarcity, 119. ' 
Made of iron, 119; covered with 
leather, 119. 

Chambers, Hon. E. F., iiis ancestry, 
arrival ..f, 26i. 

Chapels, early provincial, 32-.34, 159, 
and 2'25. The first chapel, a wigwuiu, j 
159, St. Mary's Ch,4.pel, a token of 
the concord between the Ant:lican 
and the Roman Catholic, 34. .St. ig- I 



natius's Chapel, founded by a Roman 
Catholic law-giver of 1649, 225-228. 

Charles, the Second, of England, pro- 
clamation in favor of, 256-257. 

Charles the First, and Charles the 
Second, of Maryland. See Barons 
of Baltimore. 

Charles County, upon thfe Patuxent, 
erected in 1650, 75. See also Robt. 
Brooke, and Calvert County. ^Char- 
les County upon the Potomac, 104. 
Large number of Estates, with the 
Roman Catholic mark, 150, and 250- 
251. Brents of Charles County, 189. 
See also the Causins, the Greens, the 
Piles, and the Stones. Also the In- 
dians. Part of Prince George's 
■ M rved out of Charles, 106. Charles- 
.Mi, in Charles, in 16S9, 105. The 
place of Taney's imprisonment, 105. 
Charleston, the first seat of Prince 
George's county, 118. 

Charleston, 118. Its early foundation, 
118. Its site, 118. The original seat 
of Prince George's County, 118. The 
place of Michael Taney's and Rich. 
Smitii's imprisonment, 105. In Char- 
les County, daring the year 1689, 106. 

Charters, American Colonial, their his- 
torical relation to the one given to 
Lord Baltimore, 27-28. 

Charters, early, of the English Crown, 
27-31. The light they shed upon the 
Charter given to the'proprietary, 27- 
31. 

Charter for Maryland, a compact be- 
tween a member of the English and a 
disciple of the Roman Church, 26. 

Charter for Virgina, taken away before 
the date of Lord Baltimore's, 168. 

Chases, their arrival, 262. 

Chesapeakes, their dwelling-place, 109. 
Number of their warriors, 109. Ruled 
by the Powluitanis, 109. See also 
Indians. 

Chew, Prof. Saml., his Anglo-Catholic 
ancestry, 266. 

Cuoptanks, 111. Descendants of the 
Katikdrdivoakx, 111. See also /?i- 
diiins. 

Chopticons desire to put themselves 
under the proprietary's protection, 
196. 

Chuisteson, Winlock ; and other minis- 
ters, in the Society of Friends, 78. 
Bequest of Doct. Sharpe, 7S. See 
also Quakers. 

Christianity, 15-20. 

Church, meaning of, upon the provln- 



278 



INDEX. 



cial records, when used by itself, 
232. 

Church Holt, definition of. See Holy 
Ciiurch, and Words. 

CiDRiR, a favorite drinlc, 120. 

Claggett, Capt. Thomas, ancestor of 
the firs'-, Anglo-Catholic Bishop of 
Maryland, 99. A Protestant, 92 ; but 
oppoi^ed to the Revolution of 1689, 
92 and 99. 

Claggrtt, Doct., of Leesburg, his early 
Angio-Catholic ancestry, 266. 

Claggetts, their arrival, 266. Posi- 
tion of the emigrant, upon the Revo- 
lution of 16S9, 92. Arms of his 
family, 265. Impaled upon the seal 
of a bishopric, 266; but previously 
confirmed in the visitations, 266. Col. 
Edward Claggett, and Sir Thomas 
Adams, 266. Ancestor of the firsX 
Anglican bishop of Md., 266. Pos- 
terity of Capt. Claggett, 266. 

Claim of the Roman Catholics, 12S-161. 

Clarke, Hon. Robt., a law-giver of 
1649, 135. Surveyor-general of the 
province, 195. Mis faith, 197. Pos- 
terity, 19S-199. His sufferings during 
the ascendency of the Puritans, 197. 
Steward of the manor of Calverton, 
196. Copy-hold tenants, 196. 

Clayborne, Col. Wm., his settlement 
upon Kent Island, 43. The first 
within the limits of Md., 46. His con- 
test with Lord Baltimore, 166. His 
claim, 166-16S. His settlement upon 
Watson'.s Island, 78. The first upon 
the Western shore, and within the ori- 
ginal limits of Baltimore County, 107. 
Supposed settlement upon Sharp's 
Island, 78. Settlement upon Poplar 
Island, 78. A cousin of Col. Clay- 
borne, 78. 

Coffee, its great scarcity, 120, 

Coin, proprietary's, 119. 

CoMEGYS, the family of, their arrival, 85. 

Commander, office of, 191. Its great* 
dignity, i92. Power given to an early 
commander, to select his-councillors, 
192. 

Compact between an Anglo-Catholic 
king and a Roman Catholic prince, 
26. Fidelity of the latter, 35. 

CO.SCORDAT, 26-S4. 

Cokkedekacy. See Indians, 

CosNEK, Phiiip. a law-giver of 1649, 135. 
His faith, 221. and 236. Commander 
of the county of Kent, 221. Sketch 
of his life and ciiaracter, 23;)--'2;3. 
His posterity, 222-2?3. 



C. 



CoNTES, John, of Java, his ancestry, 84. 

CoNTEES, of Prince George's County, 84. 
Connected with the family of Gov. 
Seymour, 84. Residence at Barn- 
staple, 84. John Contee, of Java, 84. 

Convicts, 117. 

CuoDE, John, a leader, in the Revolu- 
tion of 1689, 98. 

Copley, Rev Father, 158 and 159. Gift 
from Governor Green, 182. Gift from 
Thos. Hebden, 246. 

CORNWALLis, Capt. Thomas, one of the 
noblest spirits in the band of the ori- 
ginal emigrants, 209. The patron of 
Cuthbert Fenwic'k, 209. His estates, 
with the R. C. prefix, 250. His manor- 
house, 209. His skirmish with Col. 
Clayborne's Lieutenant, 211. 

Costume, glimpse of a provincial gen- 
tleman's, about 1650, 123. Of a lady's, 
at the same period, 215-216. 

COUNA-WEZA, the Piscataway Indian, 
tried, convicted, and executed, 151. 

Councillors of the Commander, 192. 
Their office analogous to that of the 
privy councillors, 192. 

Councillors, privy, 116. The early 
germ of a nobility, 116. 

Counties erected, between 1649 and 
16S9, 102-105. 

Courts: — 1. The Provincial Court was 
analogous to tlie Court of King's 
Bench, 116 ; and the original of the 
present Court of Appeals, 116. The 
lord proprietary and the privy coun- 
cillors sat upon its bench, 116. 2. 
The County Court, 116. Its early 
original, 212. Jurisdiction of ita 
judges, 116. The judges taken from 
the gentlemen, 116. 3. Court-baron 
and Court-leet, 115. See also Manors. 
Also Freeholders, and Suitors, 

Cox, James, the speaker of the Assem- 
bly, in 1650, 70. A Puritan, ,70. A 
signer of the Protestant Declaration, 
70. 

Currency, 118-119. Penke, 112 and 
119. Hoanoke, 112 and 119. The 
coin of the lord proprietary, 119. 
Specimens, 119. English and Euro- 
pean coin, 118, Tobacco, the com- 
Mion currency, 119. Its value, 119, 

Cuthbert, the prelate, and saint, 213. 
His corpse, 213. His shrine, 213. 
St. Cuthbert's cross, 213. 



INDEX. 



279 



7" 



Darnall, Col. Henry, Deputj' Governor, 
in 1689, 96. Overthrow of the Go- 
vernment, 87-100. His narrative, 
96-11)0. Arrival at London, 100. 

Darxalls, their arrival, and faith, 267. 

Kinsmen of Lord Baltimore, 267. 

Uol. Henry Darnall, 87-100, and 267. 

Place of his touibstone, 267. Early 

•ifaniily seats, 267. 

Davises, of Mount Hope, their ancestry, 
261, and 266. Their arrival, 261. 

Declaration, Protestant, 71-72. 

De Courcy, John, introduced by the 
Hon Thos. Hatton, 201. Note of in- 
troduction to Capt. Bradnox, 201. 

De CouRCV, Hon. Henry, 113-114. His 
letter to Lord Baltimore, 56-57. The 
Signer of an Address to the Crown, 
95. An Opponent of the Protestant 
Revolution, 94. A master of the 
whole Aboriginal diplomacy, 95. His 
xliplomatic services, 113. His faith, 
95, and 115. A cavalier, 115. Inte- 
resting character of our negotiations 
with the Iroquois, 113. 

Dk CouRCrs, of Cheston, probably from 
Ireland, 83. Their claim to the old 
Anglo-Norman barony, 95, and 114. 
Higii social rank, at the period of their 
arrival, 2()1 and 114. 

De Courcvs, of JMy-Lord's-Gift, 114. 

Dk La Brooke, the Manor of, 75. Upon 
the Patuxent, 75. The seat of a little 
colony, 75. Held by the Brookes, 
75. 

Dkla wares, 112. St. Tammany, their 
great chief; 112. Osenies, and other 
tribes of -Maryland, representatives 
of the same race, 112. Honors paid 
to SL Tammatiy, 112. St. Tammany 
Societies, 112. May celebrations, 112. 
Hall of St. Tarn man?/, 112. 

DiGGES, Col., a Deputy Governor, in 
1689, 96-100. Attack upon the State 
House, 97. Surrender, 97. 

DiNiosSAS, arrival of, 79. 

DrNiOsSA, Governor Ale.xander, 79. 

DiNNKK-K.NivES, their scarcity, 12L). 

DoRCHKSTER County, erected, 105. 
'OKSEYS, arrival of, 267. Will of Col. 
Dorsey, 267. Supposed ancestor of a 
Chief Justice of ■Md., 267. 

DtTN.NS, their early arrival, 262. One 
of Uie i)rominent families of Kent, 
261. Now represented, in the male 
line, by a gentleman of Pa., 262. 

DUTCU settlement upon the Delaware, 
78. Refugees in Maryland, 79. Gov 
Alexander Diniossa, 79. The fa n,i ies 



of Coraegys, and Lockerman, 85. 

Claim of the Dutch, 167. 
Du Valle, Judge of the U. S. Supreme 

Court, his ancestry, 84. 
Du Vallbs, their arrival, 84. 



E. 



Eagle, 122. 

Eden, Gov. Robt., 170. 

EU.MONSTONS, their arrival, 83. Their 

posterity, 83. 
Eltonheads, of Eltonhead, 215. Their 
relationship to the Fenwicks, of Fen- 
wick Manor, 209 and 215. Their 
arms, 217. A Privy Councillor of 
Md., 215. A Master of the English 
High Court of Chancery, 215. 
Eltonhead, the Hon. \Vm., a Privy 
Councillor, 215. A Rom;in Catholic, 
178. Shot in cold blood by the Puri- 
tans, 178 and 216. The enmity of 
Martin Kirke, 216. 
Eltonhead, Edward, a Master of the 
English High Court of Chancery, 215. 
Relationship to the Eltonheads, of 
Eltonhead, 215. 
English Emigrants, 81, and 261-268. 
Era of Roman Catholic toleration, 254. 
Spirit which distinguishes it, 254-259. 
Estates, large nuniber of, with the Pre- 
fix ftr St , 25). Names of many 
• tracts, 25:)-251. Names of the ori- 
I ginal Ilomau Catholic proprietors, 

250-251. 
1 Evans, Col. Wm., a Roman Catholic, 
227 and 24). His cattle-mark, 227. 
i The guardian of Mr. John Maunsell's 
I son, 241). The g id- father of Mary 
j Maunsell, 24). Fleur-de-lis, 227. 
' Ever-Immaculate, the application of, to 
! the Blessed Virgin, upon the Provin- 
cial Records, as early as 1661, 223. 



F. 



Palciiion, 123. 

Famm.iks, provincial : —The Cadgers, 
146; the Davises, 261 and 266; the 
Eltonheads, 215; the Formans, 70 
and 264; the Lachlans,83; the Mar- 
shalls, 146; the family of Nichols, 70; 
the Smiths, of St. Leonard's Creek, 
99 ; the Smyths, of Trumpington, 92 ; 
the Spaldings, 218; the Wests, 268; 
the Wickliffes, 146. and tho Wjlmers, 
•2'U. See al-to Arrivals. 



INDEX. 



P. 



Pbather, worn by the early cavaliers 
of the Province, 123. 

Fenwick, Cuthbert, one of the Pilgrims 
of 1634, 207 ; and a law-giver of 1649, 
135. Sketch of his life, 2'17-215. 
His faith, 213-214. The leading 
member of the Lower House, in 1649, 
212. The attorney of Captain 
Cornwallis, in the Assembly, 210. 
Plundered by Ingle, 210. A large pos- 
terity, 217. Representatives at the 
Bar, in the Army, in the Senate, in 
the Priesthood, and in the Hierarchy, 
2a7 and 217-219. 

Fenwicks, of Fenwick Manor, 217. 

Fenwjck, Ignatius, his ancestry, 218. 

Fenwick, Athanasius, his ancestry, 218. 

Fenwick, James, his ancestry, 218. 

Fenwick, the Reverend John, his ances- 
try, 218 ; uncle of the Bishop of Cin- 
cinnati, 218. 

Fenwick, Rev. Enoch, his ancestry, 
218 ; President of Georgetown Col- 
lege, 218. 

Fenwick, Rev. Prof. George, his ances- 
try, 218; brother of the Bishop of 
Boston, 218. 

Fenwick, Rt. Rev. Benedict, Bishop of 
Boston, his ancestry, 218. 

Fenwick, Rt. Rev. Edward, Bishop of 
Cincinnati, 218. 

Fenwicks, of Cole's Creek, 211. 

Fenwicks, of Cherry-Fields, 2l7. 

Fenwicks, of Pomonkey, 217. 

Fenwicks, of Kentucky, 217. 

Fenwicks, of the South, 217. 

Fenwick, Mrs. Jane, the wife of Cuth- 
bert Fenwick, 214. Her will, 215- 
216. Articles of a lady's dress, in 
1660,215. 

Ferries, 122. Early ones erected by 
the Government, and kept by the 
most respectable colonists, 122. 

Ferret, Rev. Father, 159. 

Feudal polity, 115. 

Figs, 121. 

Finger-rings, much worn by the early 
gentry of Maryland, 124; frequently 
given in their wills, 124, 

Fisher, Rev. Father, 159. 

Fitzherbert, Father, his case, 54-62. 

Fondness for law-suits, mingled with a 
veneration for judicial authority, a 
characteristic of our ancestry, 154. 

Forks, 120. Our ancestors dined with- 
out them, 120. Their late introduc- 
tion into general society, 120. 

FoRMANS, of Clover-fields, and of Rose- 
Hill, 70 and 264. 



\ 



Forms, much used by our early fore- 
fathers, 119. 

Forts :— 1. Fort Kent, 44. 2. Fort Cray- 
ford, 44. 3. St. Inigo's,183. 4. Sus- 
quehannah Fort, 269. 5. St. Mary's 
Fort, 32. 6. Fort Horn, its site, 177, 
Supposed battle-field between the 
Roman Catholics and Puritans in 
1655, 177. 

Fox, the chief of the Quakers, 76. 
Preaches, in the Province, 76, Pow- 
erful effects, 77. 

Frederick County carved out of Prince 
George's, 106, Erected in 1748, 106. 
The Brashaers, 84. The Darnalls, 
267. The Davises, 261 and 266. The 
Goldsboroughs,263. The Lowes, 266. 
The Richardsons, 77 and 82. The 
Shipleys, 82. The Taneys, 265. The 
Tylers, 26^266. 

Freeholders, 117, 

French emigrants, 84-85. The Bra- 
shaers, Causins, Contees, Du Valles, 
Jarbos, Lacounts, Lamars, and Ri- 
cauds, 84, 

Friends. See Quakers. 



Gentleman, 116. A large class in Mary- 
land, 116, County Court judges taken 
from them, 116. 

Gerrard, Doct. Thos., a Roman Catho- 
lic, 33 and 58. A privy councillor, 
56. Lord of St. Clement's Manor, 33 
and 158. His non-compliance with 
the Rev. Father Fitzherbert's requisi- 
tion, 58. His cattle-mark, 227. Fleur- 
de-lis, 227. His estates with the R. 
C. prefix, 250, See also Cases. 

Goldsborough, Hon. Robt. H., arrival 
of his ancestry, 263. Ancstry of the 
Goldsboroughs of Myrtle-Grove, and 
of other families, 263. Blood of Abo- 
riginal Chiefs, 108. 

Goldsboroughs, of Myrtle-Grove, 263, 

GooKiNS, Cfipt. Daniel, 151. 

Govern.ment, frame-work of, 115-117, 

Grep;n, Gov. Tliomas, a law-giver of 
1649, 134. A Privy Councillor, 134, 
His proclamation in faV'r of Charles 
the Second, ISl and 256. Notice of 
his life, and family, 181-182, His 
faith, 182. Sympathy with the royal 
family, ISI. A representative of the 
Roman Catholic sentiment, 257. 

Greens, of Green's Inheritance, ances- 
try of, 1S2. 

Growth of a great idea, 23, and 26-86. 



INDEX. 



281 



H. 



H. 



Hanson, Col. Hanse, 79. His posterity, 
T9. Arms upon the seal of a near 
descendant, 79. 

Hansons, of Kent, their ancestry, 79. 

Hardwick, Lord Chancellor, his deci- 
sion of the case between the proprie- 
taries, 167. Virtual settlement of the 
Controversy, 167. 

Harford, Henry, the Lord Proprietary, 
170. 

Hat-band, 123. Gold hat-band worn, 
by the early cavaliers of Maryland, 
123. 

Hatton, Hon. Thomas, 200. Secretary 
of the Province, 135, and 202. A 
Privy Councillor, 135. Clothed with 
the powers of a Governor, 203. At- 
torney-General, 202. A law-giver of 
1649, 135. His death at the battle 
near the Severn, 204. His life, and 
character, 200-205. His faith, 204. 
Family, 200 and 205. 

Hattcn, Richard, the brother of the 
Secretary, 200. Arrival of his wife 
and children, 201. 

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 200. 

Hatton, Sir Thomas, 201. 

Hatton, Sir Robt., 201. 

Hattons, of London, their arms, 202. 

Hattons, of Piscataway, their ancestry, 
206. Relationship to the Hon. Thos. 
Hatton, 206. 

Hattons, their connexion with the 
family of Capt. Banks, 233 ; and with 
the first Anglo-Catholic Clergyman, 
204. 

Hawkins, arrival of the family of, 263. 
Their various family seats, 263. Two 
of its most distinguished members, 
263. Interesting memorial of a judge 
of the Provincial Court, 204. A com- 
missioner to the Indians in 16S9, 83. 
Indirectly connected with the family 
of Lord Baltimore, 264. Connected 
with the WiJliamses, of Roxbury, 264. 
A large posterity, 264. 

llEiD-cu)TU£3. See Mrs. Fenwick'a 
Will. 

HEBDEN,Thos., his gift to the R. C. Mis- 
sionaries, 246. His Deposition, 121. 

Hempstkad, Hon. Mrs., her ancestry, 
83. 

Hermans, of Bohemia Manor, their pos- 
terity, 81 and 264. 

Herman, Augustine, a native of Prague, 

85; distinguished in the early history 

of NewYork, 80. His Treaty with the 

Susguchannoc/cs, 107 and 269. Settle- 

. n'ect upou Bohemia River, SO. A 



little colony from New York, 80 and 
269. His Map, 80-81. Original lord 
of Bohemia Manor, SO. His posterity, 
81 and 264. 

HiGHAHWixoNS desire to put themselves 
under the proprietary's protection, 
196. 

History, charm of External, 19. Illus- 
trations from Islamism, from Chris- 
tianity, and from Toleration, 19-24. 

Holt, Robert, his case. See Cases. 

Holy Church, definition of, 30 and 55. 
See also the case of Father Fitzher- 
bert, 61. 

Honor due to the Roman Catholic free- 
men of Md., 160-161. 

Honorable applied to the Privy Coun- 
cillors, and the judges of the Provin- 
cial Court, 186. 

Hood. See Mrs. Fenwick's Will. 

Hundreds. See St. Mary's County. 

Hynson, Thes., ancestor of the Hyn- 
sons of Kent, and foreman of the 
Grand Jury, in the cases of Wilkin- 
son and Holt, 153. 

Hynsons, 261. Their early arrival, 261. 
One of the distinguished families of 
Kent, 261-262. Large number of 
descendants, 262, 



Ideas, the visible influence of, 21. II- 
' lustrated m the history of American 
Colonization, 22. Secret of the dig- 
nity which belongs to the early epoch 
of American histoiy, 22. The settle- 
luent at St. Mary's, a striking case, 22. 

Indians, upon the Chesapeake, and its 
tributaries, 108-114, and 196. Their 
friendly relations with the colonists, 
103. Treaties of the Lord Proprietary 
with the Indians, 166. The Ohesa- 
peakes, 108. The Yoacomicos, 109. 
The Mdtapenks, 110. The Acco7nacs, 
112. The Poiokatnns, 109 and 112. 
The PatioxenU, 111. Tlie Piscata- 
ways. 111. The SunquehannockHy 

110. Tlie Ozenies, 111. Tlie 7bc/fc- 
whoghs. 111. The Mattdpnnienta, 
169 and 196. Kuskaratooaks, 111. 
The Iroquois AIS. The Ckoptanka, 

111. The NanticoJcfiS, 111. The 
WicomocoM, 196. The Lamascon- 

sons, 196. The IligJuthwixona, 196. 
The Chopticons, 196. The Dela- 
tcares, 112. St. Tammany, 112. 
Pone, hominy, and other words de- 



282 



INDEX. 



rived from the Indians, 122. Lega- 
cies of Mrs. Fenvvick to the Indians, 
216. Trial of the Piseatawdys, 152. 
Acquittal of the P<ituxenis, 283. 
Iniiiat) name for St. Mary's, 4S. In- 
dian name for Piiiiadelphia., 166. 
Two Indian arrows pledged by the 
Proprietary to the Crown, 115. In- 
dian half-breeds, 108. The blood of 
Aboriginal Chiefs represented by tlie 
Goldsboroughs, and other families, 
108. Murder of Rowland Williams, 
212. Indian slaves, 117. Indian 
Money, 111 and 119. Charge of con- 
spiracy with the Indians, against the 
Roman Catholic Deputy Governors, 

88. The labors of the Missionaries, 
113 and 160. Treaties at Albany, 113. 
Susquehannah Fort, 269. Indian corn 
cultivated, at a very early period. 

Ingle, Capt. Richard, his residence, 
210. Name of his ship, 210. A I'nvi- 
tan pirate, 210. His robberies, 210. 
See also many of the Assembly-men 
of 1649. 

Iroquois, 112— 114. Called "The Five 
Nations," 11.3. Also, " The Northern 
Indians," 113. A very warlike con- 
federacy, 113. Their dwelling-place, 
113. Alarm of tlie colonists, 113. 
Our relations with the Iroqunis con- 
stitute a very important part of our 
Aboriginal History, 113. The Revo- 
lution of 1689, the result of a panic, 

89. Treaties ut Albany with tins con- 
federacy, 113. Pliil.-mon Lloyd, and 
Henry de Courcy, 113 and 114. Tes- 
timonials in their favor, from the Go- 
vernor and the Assembly, 113. 

IsLAMisM, 15 and 19. 

Isle of Kent, settlement under Clay- 
borne, 43. Original centre of Kent 
County, 44. Seat of opulence and 
elegance >efore the American Rhvo- 
lution, 45. Bought of Aboriginal 
chiefs, 44. Under the juris iction at 
Jamestown, 43. A hundred of St. 
Mary's, 45. Elected into a County, 

■ 45. Annexed 10 Talbot, now to Queen 
Anne's, 45. The Mill, 44. Kent Fort, 
44. Kent Fort Manor, 44. Court- 
House, 45. Fort Crawford, 44. Rel- 
ics, 45. See also Anglo-Catholics ; and 
Assemblies. 

J. 

Jamestown, settlement at, 41. 



J. 



Jarbo, Col. John, his legacy to the Rev. 
Father of St. Ignatius's'Chapel, 225. 
]lis relationship to the Hon. John 
Pile, 225. His gift to Walter Peake's 
daughter, 249. His deposition relat- 
ing to Mr. Thornborough's claim, 243. 
See also Arrivals. 

Jarbos, their arrival, 84. See also Col. 
Jai'oo. 

Jews. 62. Case of Doct. Lumbrozo, 
65-67. 

JowLES, Col., a leader in the Revolution 
of 1689, 90-104. 

JtJRiES : — A jury of twelve Protestants, 
154-155. A mixed jury, 155. Roman 
Catholics did not ask for a jury of 
their own faith, 248. A jury of twen- 
ty-four, in the case of the Fiscata- 
way Indians, 151. See also Cases. 



Kent County : — See Anglo-Catholics ; 
and Isle of Kent. Also Arrivala •, 
and Col. Clayborne. 

Knowledge, the present imperfect state 
of historical, 15-17. 

KusKARAWOAKS, the great makers of 
peake and roanoke. 111. The mer- 
chants of Aboriginal .Maryland, 111. 
Represented by the Choptanks, and 
the Nanticokes, 111. 



Labadyists, their faith, 81. Their 
dwelling-place, 81. 

Labors of the early missionaries, the 
mo-st interesting chapter in the Abo- 
riginal History of Maryland, 113, and 
158- 160. 

Lachlans, of iMontgomery county, and 
of Missoui-i, tlieir ancestry, 83. 

Lacounts, a French family, 84. Their 
arrival, 84. 

La Count, Chief Justice of Kansas, his 
ancestry, 84. 

Lamars, tiieir arrival, 84. A gallant 
representative, 84. . 

Lamasconsons desir'i to ptit tlietnselves 
under the proprietary's protection, 
196. 

Land-titles, colonial, 115. 
[ Land-titles, Indian, the policy with re- 
gard to the purchase of them, 52 and 
168. 

Lawgivers of 1649, 128. Their names. 



INDEX. 



283 



180 and 134-135. Fragment of the 
Journal of 1649, 130. Confirmatory 
extract from the Journal of 1630, 131. 
Documents of 1650, establishing the 
inference drawn from the fragment 
of 1649, 132-135. Per-diem of 1649, 
49, and 130. 

Laws. See Assemblies ; and Charters. 
For the Law relating to cattle-marks, 
see 2i6. 

Learning, low state of, 125. Gentlemen 
make their marks, 125. 

Leeds, arrival of the family, 262. A 
distinguished posterity, 202. 

Legislative heroes, 162-253. 

Letters sent by private hand, 122. 
- Official dispatches by a special mes- 
senger, 122. 

Lewis, Lt. Wra., his case, 31. 

Liberty, 116. Existence of practical 
liberty, at the foundation of the 
colony, 116. Early democratic ele- 
ment, 42. Independence of the Re- 
presentatives, 49 and 5 ). 

Life of the Planters, 121. Specimen 
of more than ordinary comfort, 222. 
Inventory of Phil. Conner, 222. See 
also .Mrs. Fenwick's will ; and the 
whole of the Ninth Chapter. 

Lloyds, originally from Wales, S1-S2. 
The Welsh rivers, Severn, and Wye, 
82. 

Lloyd, Hon. Edward, his posterity, 69. 

Lloyd, Philemon, 113. Commissioner 
at Albany, 113. Testimonials from 
the Governor and the Assembly, 113. 
Interesting character of the treaties^ 
with the Iroquois^ 113. 

Lloyds of Wye House, their ancestry, 
69. 

LocKERMANS, their arrival, 85. 

London, founded by Col. Burgess, 73. 
Early rival of Annapolis, 73. Erect- 
ed, in 1633, into a port of entry, 117. 

Lowes, their arrival, 260. They came 
from Denby, 266. Tiieir arms, 266. 
Close connect! m with Lord Balti- 
more's family, 26G. 

Lowe. Hon. E. Louis, arrival of h.is an- 
cestry, 266. 



M. 



Magruders, their arrival, 83. One of 

the largest families of Maryland, S3. 

Will, and posterity of the emigrant, 

83. 
Manners, George, a lawgiver of 1649, 

135. Notice of his life, 231-232. His 



faith, 281-232. A soldier, in the 
march of 1647, 231. His posterity, 
232. 
Manors, 115. The seats of an early 
aristocracv, U5-117. Calverton, 196. 
Cornwallis's Cross, 209. De la 
Brooke, 75. Fenwick, 208. Kent Fort 
Manor, 44. St. Clement's, 33, and 241. 
St. Gab.-iel's, 115. Bohemia, 80. 
Marsh, Hon. Thomas, his posterity, 69. 
Major's Choice, 107. An award, 120. 
Signer of the Treaty with the Smqtie- 
harinock'i. 111. A member of the 
council, 70. 
Marsh's Creek, the original boundary 
line of Calvert, 107. Its identity with 
Fishing, 107. 
Marshalls, of St. George's, 146. 
Martin, Capt. Nicholas, a representa- 
tive from the Isle of Kent, at James- 
town, 46. 
Maryland, her name derived from a 
Roman CatlioHc Queen, 150. Origi- 
nally a feudal principalitv, 42, and 
116.' Her Patron Saint, 226. Her 
guardian angels, 226 Her Roman 
i Catholic gentry, 116-117. See also 
! the Cal verts ; Cornwallis ; the Neales ; 
j and other families. See also Maners. 
I The Cradle of Religious Liberty. 37. 

Mash, Sa-ah, h^er identity with the widow 
i of the Hon. Thos. Marsh, 73. A Minis- 
j^ ter, in the Society of Friends, 000. 
U. Bequest of Doctor Sharpe, 78. 
I Matapeakes. 45 and 110. 
[.Matthews, Doct. Thos., of St. Inigo's 
I 132. His faith, 227. Cattle-mark, 
i 227. Giftto the son of Walter Peake, 
219. Elected in 1650, 1-32. Succeeded 
by Mr. Fen wick, 132. Estates with 
the R. C. prefix, 250. 
Mattapanients, one of the most friendly 
• tribes, 169. Their dwelling-place, the 
store-house of the Missions, 169. The 
residence of l.,ord (Charles Baltimore, 
169. The home of the Sewalls, 169. 
Mattapany-house, the residence of the 
Sewalls, 169 ; and of Lord Charles 
Biltimo'e, 169. The (rovernment 
House, 169. Tlie siege, and surrender, 
99. 
Maltnsell, John, his life. 237-241. His 
faith, 238-241. Col. Wm. Kvans, the 
guardian of his son, and the god- 
father of Mary Maunsell, 240. 
May, Hon. Mrs., the ancestry of, 114. 
Melons, 121. 

Mitchel, Mrs., ancestry of, 114. 
MoNDMKNTAL Re.mains ; — Epitaph of an 



284 



INDEX. 



M. 



early Deputy Governor, 73. See also 
St. Cuthbert; Colonel Darnall; the 
family of Hawkins ; and the Bennetts. 

Morals of our ancestry, 127. 

Mormons, 62. 

Mount Airy, the home of the Calverts, 
170. 



N. 



Nanticokes, 111. Descendants of the 
Kuskarmcoaks, 111. Punished for 
the murder of Rowland Williams, of 
Accomac, 212. The march against 
them, in 1647, 231. 

Napkins, freely used by our forefathers, 
120. 

Neales :— Their faith, 268. Their arri- 
val, 268. Capt. James Neale, the 
ancestor of the second archbishop 
of Baltimore, 243. His gift to Mr. 
Thornborough, 244. A favorite.of the 
English crown, 150. Natives of Spain, 
85. Henrietta Maria, 150. Blood of 
the Neales inherited by the Lloyds, 
and by other distinguished Protestant 
families, 150. 

Neale, Most Reverend. See Neales. 

Negro Slaves, 117. Their early intro- 
duction, 117. 

New- Yarmouth, its site, 118, and 194.. 
Its founder, 194. The seat of Kent 
County, 194. 

Nkw York:— The Iroquois, 113. The 
Swedes, 78, and 167. The Dutch, 79, 
and 167. St. Tammany''s Hall, 112. 
A little colony from Manhattan, 80, 
and 269. See also Augustine Her- 
man. 

Nichols, the family at Derby, their an- 
cestry, 70. 

Nobility, the early germ of, 116. 



Opposition of the Roman Catholics to 

the political party represented by the 

Puritans, 256. 
Oysters, 121. 
OzRNiES, 111. Their dwelling-place 

upon the Chester, 111. Their affinity 

with the Delawares, 112. 



Pacas, their arrival, 262. 

Palmer's Island, 78. Its identity with 



Watson's 107. The first foot-print of 
civilization upon the western shore, 
106. Settlement under Colonel Clay- 
borne, 78. 

Patuxents; — Their territory bounded 
on one side by the Piscataways, 111. 
Large number of little nations and 
tribes. 111. Their friendship for the 
colonists. 111. They propose to put 
themselves under the proprietary's 
protection, 196. Five Patuxents tried 
and acquitted, 233. 

Patuxent, settlement upon, 74-75. Pro- 
bably Anglo-Catholic, 74. Founded 
by the Hon. Robt. Brooke, 74. 

Peake, a species of Aboriginal currency, 
111, and 119. 

Peake, Walter, his life, faith, trial, exe- 
cution, posterity, &c., 247-253. 

Peakes, the time of their arrival, 247. 
The posterity of Walter Peake, 249. 

Pearce, Hon. Jas. Alfred, arrival of his 
ancestry, 262. Distinguished in the 
early history of Cecil, 262. 

Pennsylvania :— Our boundary includ- 
ed Philadelphia, 167. Indian name 
for that city, lb6. Tediousness of the 
controversy with the Penns, 167. 
Lord Hardwick's decision, 167. See 
also New York. Baltimore & Penn, 
166. 

Pile, Hon. John, 186. A Privy Coun- 
cillor of 1649, 135. His faith, 188. 
Notice of his life and family, 186- 
189. Related to the Tettershatls, and 
to the Jarbos, 187. Ancestor, it is 
supposed, of the Brents of Louisiana, 
and the Carrolls of St. Mary's, 189. 
His posterity, 189. 

Pilgrims of Maryland: — The year of 
their arrival, 22. They brought with 
them the germ of religious liberty, 
37. The Ark, 37. The Dove, 87. 

Piscataways : — Title of their most pro- 
minent chief. 111. Boundaries of 
their dominion. 111. Their territory 
probably embraced the sites of Wash- 
ington and Baltimore, 111. Pisca- 
taway half-breeds, 108. The chiefs 
submit their gravest questions to 
the proprietary, as their patriarch, 
165. Murders upon the plantation 
of Capt. Gookins, 151. Trial of Skigh- 
tam-mough and Couna-weza, 151. 
Wtreosse, the emperor, 151. A trial 
jury of twenty-four, 152. Large num- 
ber of Roman Catholic Jurors, 152, 
and 270. 

Plantations, the most striking feature 



INDEX. 



285 



upon the face of our early provincial 
Bociety, 118. Harly Courts and Coun- 
cils held upon thera, 113. The seats 
also of trade, 118. Tlieir town-like 
appearance, 118. 

Plantkrs, the merchants of the prov- 
ince, 118. Descendants of the old 
aristocracy of England, 126. 

Plymouth, settlement at, 41. 

PocosoN, the word derived from the In- 
dians, 122. 

Pomegranates, 121. 

Pone, the word derived from the In- 
dians, 122. 

Poplar Island, settlement upon, under 
Col. Clayborne's auspicesj as early as 
1636, 78. 

il'OPULATioN : — Population of Kent, in 
1649, 145 ; of St. Mary's, 14.5. Popu- 

i lation of the Province, in 1649, 145. 
Its population, in 1699, 103. Ratio, 
in 1649, of the Protestant to the Ro- 
rran Catholic colonists, 147-148. 

Possessions of our forefathers, their 
lands and servants, flocks and herds, 
2-32. See also Life of the Planters. 

Post, «i22. 

Potato, derived from the Indians, 122. 
The word also borrowed from them, 
122. 

Powhatans :— Number of the nations 
under their sway, 109. Their domin- 
ion upon the banks of the Patuxent, 
109. The AtiC07nacs included within 
their territory, 112. See also Cliesa- 
peakes. 

Pratt, Hon. Thomas G., arrival, and 
residence of his supposed ancestry, 
262. 

Price, Col. John, a lawgiver of 1649, 
134. A Privy Councillor, 134. His 
faith, 184. Could not write, 51. A 
soldier, 183. Service in the contest 
with Ingle, 183. March against the 
Eastern Shore Indians, 231. Ilis 
high character, 184. Notice of his 
life and family, 183-185. 

Prince George's County, erected 
1695, 106. Carved out of Calvert and 
Charles, 106. Charleston, its original 
seat, 113. New-Scotland, 82. The 
Addisons, 267. The Beales, 83. The 
Bowies, 83. The Brashaers, 84. The 
Brookes, 75. The Burgesses, 261 
The Calverts, 170. The Claggetts. 

266. The Contees, 84. The Darnalls 

267. The Davises, 261. The Dinios- 
sas, 79. The Du Valles, 84. The 
Edmonstons, 83. The Hattons, 206. 



Tir.e Lamars, 84. The Magruders, 
83. The Tracts, 262. The Sewalls, 
265. The Shlpleys, 82, The Snow- 
dens, 82. The Spriggs, 265. The 
Tettershalls, 187. The Tylers, 265. 
And the Wests, 268. See also Indians. 

Printikg-Press, 122. 

Privy Codncillors, 116. 

Proprietary's Coin, 119. 

Protestant Declaration. See Decla» 
ration. 

Protestant Revolution, 87-100. 

Protestants, ratio of, to Roman Catho- 
lics, in the Province, during the year 
1649, 147. 

Protestants, in the Assembly of 1649, 
137. Anglo-Catholics, 137. 

Provincial Courts. See Courts. 

Provincial Families. See Families. 

Provincial towns : — The first Puritan 
town, 69, and 177. London founded 
by Col. Burgess, 73. Early rival of 
Annapolis, 73. London erected into 
a port of entry, 117. Annapolis 
erected into a port of entry, 117. 
Becomes the seat of the Provincial 
government, 108. New Yarmouth 
founded by Major Ringgold, 194. Its 
site, 117. York, 117. See also St. 
Mary's City; and Piantationa. 

Pulton, Rev. Father, 159. 

Punch, a favorite drink, 120. 

Puritans :— Their arrival, 68. Their 
first town, 69. Greenberry's Point, 
and the Severn, 69. Gov. Bennett, 
Hon. Edward Lloyd, and Hon. Tho- 
mas Marsh, 69. Puritans represented 
in the Assembly of 16iO, 70. The 
Puritan speaker, 70. The ascenden- 
cy of the Puritans, a period of intol- 
erance, 86. 



Q. 



Quakers :— Their arrival, 76. Their 
peculiar relation to the government, 
63. Refusal to take the oath of sub- 
mission, 63. Their case examined, 
63 and 65. The exaggeration of his- 
torians, 65 and 78. In 1659, in a le- 
gal proceeding, a Quaker aflSrmed, 
67. George Fox, 76. He preaches, 
in the province, 77. Ilis j)owerful el- 
oquence, 77. Rapid growth of the 
communion, 77. Names of the 
preachers, in 1672, 78. Respectabil- 
ity of the Friends, 65 and 77. Doct. 

*» Peter Sharpe, 77. Interesting ex- 
tract from his will, 73. The Sharpes, 



286 



INDEX. 



\ the Preston s, and other prominent 
^Quaker families, 65, and 77. The 
Cliflfs of Culvert. 77. West River, 77. 
The Cho])tanli, 77. Sharpe's Islaml, 
78. Wi(io\7 of the Hon. Thomas 
Marsh, 78. 

QuKKN Anne's County, 45. The Ben- 
netts, 69. The Coiiners, 222. The 
l)e Courcys, 114. The Formans, 70. 
The Goldsboroushs, 263. TJie family 
of Hawkins, 26-3. The Thompsons 
264. The Tilgtiraans, 263. See also 
Isle of Kent. 



RiCAUDS, of Kent, their arrival, 84. 

RiCAUD, Hon. Jas. B., his ancestry, 
84. 

RiCHARDSONS, of West River, 82. A 
branch at Eutaw-Place, 82. TheirN 
arrival. 82. A Quaker family, 77. 

RiGBiE, Rev. Father, 159. 

RiNGGOLDS, 261. One of the old and 
leading families of Md., 194. Their 
arrival, 261. Founders of New-Yar- 
mouth, 194. Their relationship to 
the family of Capt. Vaughan, the 
Privy Councillor, 198, Distinguished, 
for the period of two centuries, at 
every epoch, in our history, 194. 

Ringgold, Thomas, foreman of the trial 
jury, in the cases of Robt. Holt, and 
Parson Wilkinson, 153. 

Roanoke, a species of Aboriginal cur- 
rency, 111, and 119. 

Roman Catholics:— Compact between 
an Anjrlo-Caiholic King, and a Roman 
Catholic Prince, 26. The arrival of 
Roman Catholic Missionaries, 158- 
159. Their labors constitute the most 
interesting part of our Aboriginal 
History, 113, and 158. The seed of 
Religious Liberty planted by the Pil- 
grims at St. Rlary's, 37. Honor due 
to the first Roman Catholic proprie- 
tary, 34, and 162-168; to the first 
Roman Catholic Governor, 36-38, and 
171-174 ; to the Roman Catholic 
Assembly of 1649, 53; and to the 
Roman Catholic freemen of the Pro- 
vince, 160. St. Mary's County, the 
home of the Roman Catholics, 149. 
Roman Catholic hundieds, 157. Ratio 
of the Protestant to the Roman Catho 
lie population of the Province, at the 
period of the Assembly, 148. Spirit 
which distinguishes the era of Roman 



Catholic Toleration, 254-259. Ovef- 
throwof the Roman Catholic proprie- 
tary in 16=9, 87-100. 



Sack, a favorite drink, 120. 

Sacrosancta, its use by the Latin 

fathers, 54. 
Sackosancta Dei et Vera Christiana 
Relioio, its meaning, 27, 54-56. 

Saint. See Estates; and St. Mary's 
County. 

St. Ignatius, the patron saint of Mary- 
land, 226. 

St. Mary, the Virgin Mother, applica- 
tion to her, upon the early Provincial 
Records, of the terra ever-immacu' 
late, 228. 

St. Mary's City: — The first provincial 
capital, 43. Named in honor of the 
Virgin Mother, 48. Founded upon 
the site of an Aboriginal Vill-ige, 47. 
The Chapel, 32. The Port, 82. The 
State House, 117. Siege of 16S9, 97. 
Surrender of the State House, 97. 
Seizui'e of the Records, 97. Fall of 
St. Mary's, 108. A slirine, 48. 

St. Mary's County : — The country of the 
Y<tocomicos, 46. The treaty, 46-47. 
Subsequently called Augusta -Caro- 
lina, 47. The home of the Roman 
Catholics, 149. Roman Catholic hun- 
dreds, and manors, 158. The seat of 
a Roman Catholic mission, 15S. See 
also St. Mary's City ; and Estates 
with the Roman Catholic prefix. Also 
Arrivals ; the Lives of the early law- 
givers ; and Provincial Families. 

Salisbury, the family seat of the Piles, 
186. 

Scarf. See will of Mrs. Fenwick. 

Scotch Emigrants, 82. The Beales, 
Bowies, Edmonstons, and Magruders, 
83. See also Prince George's County. 

Seals. See Armorial Seals. 

Secretary, ofiice of, one of great dig- 
nity, 203. 

Servitude, three kinds of, 117. 

Sewall, Hon. Henry, the ancestor of 
the Sewalls of Mattapany-Sewall. 169, 
and 265. A Privy Councillor, 169. 

Sewall, Hon. Maj. Nicholas, step-son 
of Lord Charles Baltimore, 72, and 
261. Son-in-law of the Hon. Wm. 
Burgess, 72, and 261. A Deputy 
Governor in 16S9, 96-100, Overthrovf 
1 of the Government, 99. Vindicated 



INDEX. 



m 



S. 



tiEfain-it the charge of a couspiracy, 
87-100. 

Sewai.ls, of Mattapnnv-Sewall, their 

~ ancestry, 261, and 265. 'I'heh- rela- 
tionship to the Burgesses, 73, and 261 ; 
and to the Calverts, 169. 

Shakamaxox, Indian name for a part 
of Piiiladelpliia, 166. 

Sharpe's Island, originally called Clay- 
^ ' borne's, 78. A settlement probably 
under Col. Clayborne, 78. 

Shiplkvs, of Anne Arundel, and other 
Cimiities, 82. A branch, at Enfield 
Chase, 82. Their arrival, 82. 

Signet-ring, one of the articles of a 
])rovincial gentleman, 12-3. 

Silver-plate, 12.>. Its richness and 
massiveness, 120. Much of it kept 
by our ancestors, 120. They carved 
upon it the arms of their own fore- 
fathers, 12;). 

Shigh-tam-mough, a Piscataway Indian, 
tried, convicted, and executed, 151. 

Smith, Mrs. Barbara, wife of Richard, 
9=». Her narrative, 90-93. Her ar- 
rival at London, 93. 

Smith, Richard, ancestor of the Smiths 
of St. Leonard's Creek, and of the 
Dalanys, and Addisons, 99. Con- 
necteil witii the family of Somerset, 
93. Opposed to tlie Revolution of 
1639, 93. A brave and generous 
spirit, 98. His imprisonment, 90-93 
anil 100. 

Smyth, Hon. Thog., opposed to the Rev- 
olution of 1689, 92. A signer of the 
Address to the Crown, from the 
County of Kent, 95. Ancestor of the 
Smyths of Trumpington, and of Clies- 
tertown, 92. A Protestant, 95. 

Snowdens, of Prince George's, and of 
other counties, 82. 

Somkrset County erected, 105. 

Spalding, Rt. Rev. Martin J., bishop of 
Louisville, his relationship to the 
Fenwicks of St. Mary's, 218. 

Spanish Emigrants, 85. Cliildren of 
Capt, Neale, 85. 

Spesutia Island, 107. Herman's trea- 
ty, 107, and 269. 

Spriggs, arrival of, 265. Their proba- 
ble family seat in England, 265. The 
relationship of the emigrant to Gov. 
AVin. Stone, 175. Foreman of the 
JiM-y, in the case of Walter Peake, 
251. Ancestor of Gov. Sprigg. 265. 

Starkie, Rev. Father, 159, A legacy 
given him, 214. 



S. 



State of Societt, 103-127. 

StoN'.;s, 262. Gov. \Vm. Sfone's life, 
175-179. President of the Privy 
Council, at the Assembly of 1649, 
134. Year of his arrival, 176. Hia 
kinsmen at London, 175-176. Rela- 
tionship to the ancestor of Gov. 
Sprigg, 175. .\ncestor of the Stones 
of Poynton Manor, 173-179 ; of the 
third Anglican Bishop of Md., 179 ; 
of a signer of the Declaration, 179; 
of a member of the Convention of 
1783, 180; of a Governor of the 
State, 180; and of a Commissioner 
for tiie reform of the practice, in the 
Courts, 130. 

Stone, William, the Governor in 1649, 
42. Sketch of his life, character, and 
family, 175-180. See also Stones. 

Stone, Frederick, the Commissioner, 
his ancestry, 180. 

Stove, Rt. Rev. Wm. M., his ancestry, 
179. 

Stone, Thomas, the Signer of the Decla- 
I'ation of Independence, his ancestry, 
179. 

Stone, John, a Governor of Md., his 
ancestry, 180. 

Stone, Michael Jenifer, member of the 
Convention of 17S8, his ancestry, 
180. 

Stools much used by our forefathers, 
119. 

Sugar, its occasional use, 120. 

Soitors, 117. See also Manors. 

Survevor General, an officer of much 
dignity, 135. Usually sat in the 
Council, 135. 

SusQUEHANNOCKS : — A powerful Confed- 
eracy, 110. Chief dwelling-place, 
110. Wide extent of their conquests, 
110. They invade the YoitconiicoH, 
upon the St. Mary's, 47 and 110. 
Their noble figure, Ho. Kindness to 
Cai)t. Smith, 110. Their treatii-s with 
Mary'and, 111. Signers of the treaty 
in 1652, 111. Territory ceded. 111. 
Treaty with Herman, 111 and 269. 
They absorb tlie Toc.kickoghs, 111. 
Susquehannah Fort, 269. 

SwEDfcS, their settlement upon the De- 
laware, 78. A fond remembrance of 
their fatherland, 79. Refugees in 
Maryland, 79. Col. Hanse Hanson, 
79. His posterity, 79. Natives of 
Sweden in Maryland, 85. Claim of 
the Swedes upon the Delaware, 167. 



288 



INDEX. 



Taffeta. See Mrs. Fenwick's will. 
Taney, Michael, high sheriff of Calvert, 

96. Ancestor of the Chief Justice, 

97. Opposition to the revolutionary 
party of 16S9, 101. His imprisonment, 
103. Attitude before the Assembly, 
93, and 104. His letter to Mrs. Smith, 
100. 

Taneys, their arrival, 265. Faith of the 
emigrant, 265. 

Taney, Hon. Roger Brooke, his ances- 
try, 75, and 265. 

Tables, their early shape, 120. 

Talbot, Deputy Governor, 251. 

Talbot County, erected, 105. York, 
118. The Goldsboroughs. 263. The 
family of Leeds, 262. The Lloyds, 
69. The Lockermans, 85. The Lowes, 
266. The Tilghmans, of Hope, 264. 

Tea, its great scarcity, 120. 

Tbttbrshalls, their English family seat, 
187. Related to the Piles, 187. Resi- 
dence in Prince George's County, 187. 
Related to the Jarbos, 187. William 
Tettershall's legacy to one of the 
missionaries, 225. 

"The Ark," 37. 

•' The Dove," 37. 

Thomases, of Anne Arundel, and other 
Counties, 82. Their arrival", 82. Their 
arms engraved upon a gold-headed 
cane, handed down to the present 
generation, 82. Their identity with 
those of a well-known Welsh family, 
82. A distinguished posterity, 82. 
An early and prominent Quaker 
family, 77. 

Thomas, Philip Evan, (first president of 
the B. & 0. Railroad,) his ancestry, 
82. 

Thompson, Rev. John A., ancestry of, 
264. 

Thompsons, 264. Their arrival, 264. 
Descendants of the Hermans, of 
Bohemia Manor, 264. Colonel John 
Thompson, 264. The name of -<lwfirws- 
tina, 264. 

Thornborodgh, Thomas, 242. Sketch 
of his life, 242-246. Mr. Neale's plan- 
tation, 242-244. Mr. Thornborough's 
supposed faith, 244-245. His proba- 
ble relationship to the ancestor of an 
archbishop, 246, 
Tilghmans, 263, Their arrival, 263. 
Their coat of arms, 263. English 
family seat, 263. Chief family seat 
in Maryland, 263. Distinguished 
representatives, 263. Original pro- 



T. 



prietors of the site of ChestertOWB*^ 
263. Tilghmans, of Hope, 264. | 

Tobacco, 122. The common currency, 
of the province, 119. The great pro*' 
duct, 122. The large trade in it, 12SL' 
A source of revenue to the EngUl^ 
Crown, 122, ti 

TocKWHOGHS, their seat upon the Sasaki 
fras. 111. A ferocious tribe, 111, 
Probably absorbed by the Susquehan* 
nocks. 111. 

Toleration, not yet defined, 18 and 2S, 
The past, 23. The future, 23. Tha 
pride of a Marylander, 24. The 
toleration secured by the charter, 26. 
Toleration under the first Governor, 
36. Toleration implied by the ofiScial 
oath, 39. Passage of the Toleration 
Act, 52-53. Provisions of the Act, 54- 
64. Its influence upon the coloniza- 
tion of Maryland, 68. 

Towns. See Provincial Towns. 

Trade : — See Currency ; Plantations ; 
Tobacco ; and Towns. 

Travelling, 122. 

Treaties of Lord Baltimore with the 
Indians, 166, 

Tdnnell, Thomas, his discharge, 234. 

Tylers, their arrival, 265. Name of the 
emigrant, 265, His posterity, 265- 
266. 

Tyler, Sam!., arrival of his ancestry, 
265-266. 



U. 



Utte, CoL Nathaniel, a pioneer, lOT. 
Spesutia Island, 107. 



V. 



Vaughan, Capt. Robert, a lawgiver of 
1649, 135, A Privy Councillor, 135. 
Commander of the Isle of Kent, 191. 
His faith, 190, Posterity, 193-194, 
Relationship to the Ringgolds, 194. 
Fidelity during Ingle's rebellion, 191. 
Notice of his life, 390-194. 

Vine- Yards, 121. 

Virginia :— The Accomacs, 112. The 
Chesapeakes, 109 . The Powhatans, 
109 and 112. Settlement at James- 
town, 41. An Anglo-Catholic colony, 
27. Extract from the charter, 27, 
Kind reception of Capt, Smith by the 
Susquehannocks, during his explo- 



INDEX. 



289 



w. 

ration of the Chesapeake, 110. Ma- 
ryland embraced within the original 
limits of "Virginia, 168. The charter 
for the latter taken away before the^ 
date of the one for Maryland, 168. 
Settlement upon Kent Island, 43. 
Off-shoot of an Anglo-Catholic colo- 
ny, 142. Kent Island represented 
by Capt. Martin, in the Assembly, at 
Jamestown, 46. Cattle-stealing, 124. 
Arrival of the Puritans from Va., 68. 
Gov. Stone's residence there, 175. 
Gov. Bennett, 69. See also Isle of 
Kent; and Col. Clayborne. Punish- 
ment of the Nanticokes, 212. 



Wainscotted Walls, 123. Much ad- 
mired, 120. Specimens still preserv- 
ed, 120. 

Welsh emigrants, 81-82. The Lloyds, 
Richardsons, Shipleys, Snowdens, 
and Thomases, 81-82. See also 
Lloyds. 

Wests, 267. Their family seat, 267. 
Preservation of relics, 268. 

White, Rev. Father, 159-160. "The 
Apostle of Maryland," 159. 

WiCKKS, Col. Joseph, arrival of his an- 
cestry, 262. 

WiCKES, arrival of the family of, 262. 
One of the most distinguished of 
Kent, 262. The aflfection of the em- 
igrant for a young Swede, 79. Mis 
testimony ngr.inst the revolutionists 
of 1689, 93-94. His posterity, 262. 
He sign.s an Address to the English 
Crown, 95. Chief Justice of the 
County Court, 93. His faith, 93-95. 

WiCKLiFFES, of St. George's, 146-147. 

WiCKLIKFE AND WeSLEY, 147. 

WicoMicKs, march against, 231, and 
232. Col. Price, and Mr. Manners, 
231. 

WicoMOCONS desire to put themselves 
under the proprietary's protection, 
196. 

Wigwam, the first chapel, 159. 

Wild Grape-vine, 121. 

W[l,D Strawbekry, 121. 

Wilkinson, Hev. \Vm., the first Anglo- 
Catholic clergyman of St. Mary's, 
145 and 2U4. His arrival, 204. Arri- 
val of his family, 204. Marriage of 
his daughter to a nephew of Mr. Sec- 



W. 

retary Hatton, 204. His residence 
in St. George's Hundred, 146. His 
occupations, 146. His indictment, 
153. A Protestant jury, 155. 

WiLCiAMS, George Hawkins, his ances- 
try, 264. 

Wills of our Ancestry :— Their histor- 
ical value, 156. The best key to their 
faith, deep domestic affection, and 
piety, 156. Ratio of Protestant to 
R. Catholic wills, in the whole prov- 
ince, anterior to 1650, 157. See also 
Finger-rings ; Mrs. Fenwick's Will ; 
and many others. 

WiLMEKSof Kent, 263. 

Witchcraft in Maryland, 125. Cases 
of Mary Lee, and John Cowman, 
125. 

Wood-Yard, the home of the Darnalls, 
subsequently of the Wests, 268. Pre- 
servation of relics, 268. 

Words : — Derivation of Ifitchel, 50. 
Meaning of Micel-getheaht, and of 
Witena-gemot, 50-51. Pone, and 
other words derived from the Indians, 
122. Catholic applied, upon the ear- 
ly provincial Records, to the English 
Church, 32 and 235 ; and ever iinma- 
ciddte, to the Virgin Mother, 228. 
The meaning of Church, when used 
by itself, 197-198, and 232. IIolij 
Church, in the early Acts of the As- 
sembly, included the E glish as well 
as the Roman branch, 31. It subse- 
quently embraced all believers in 
Christ's Divinity, 55 and 61. SaorO' 
sancta, in the Latin fathers, 54. Sa- 
cromncta Dei et vera Christiana 
7'eUgio, in the Charter, 27 and 56. 
Honorable given to Privy Council- 
lors, and Judges of the Provincial 
Court, 186. 

WoRTHiNGTONS, 88-84. Their early pos- 
sessions upon the Severn, and upon 
the Patapsco, 84. Will of the emi- 
grant, 84. 

Wroths, their arrival, 265. Their pre- 
sumed descent from a highly distin- 
guished English family, 265. 

Wroth, Mrs. Catharine, her ancestry. 
79. 

Wroth, Doct. P., his ancestry, 265. 



Y. 

YoACOMicos :— Their dwelling-place up- 
on the St. Mary's, 109. Invaded by 



13 



290 



INDEX. 



Y. 



the SusQuehaniiocks, 47 and 110. 
Their country, by the Pilgrims, call- 
ed Augusta-Carolina, 47. Village of 
Yoacomico, 4S. Tlie Site of St. Ma- 



ry's City, 47, Treaty with Gov. Cal- 
vert, 46-47, and 166. Kind reception 
given, by the Yo.aeomicoa, to the 
Pilgriujs of Maryland, 46-47 and 109. 



THE END. 



IE My 'II 



